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  1. Estimating divergence times in phylogenies using a molecular clock depends on accurate modeling of nucleotide substitution rates in DNA sequences. Rate heterogeneity among lineages is likely to affect estimate...

    Authors: Michael D Crisp, Nate B Hardy and Lyn G Cook
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:263
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. The majority of DNA contained within vertebrate genomes is non-coding, with a certain proportion of this thought to play regulatory roles during development. Conserved Non-coding Elements (CNEs) are an abundan...

    Authors: Kalina TJ Davies, Georgia Tsagkogeorga and Stephen J Rossiter
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:261
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Synonymous codon usage bias (SCUB) is an inevitable phenomenon in organismic taxa, generally referring to differences in the occurrence frequency of codons across different species or within the genome of the ...

    Authors: Lei Wei, Jian He, Xian Jia, Qi Qi, Zhisheng Liang, Hao Zheng, Yao Ping, Shuyu Liu and Jingchen Sun
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:262
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. In bacteria, cell size affects chromosome replication, the assembly of division machinery, cell wall synthesis, membrane synthesis and ultimately growth rate. In addition, cell size can also be a target for Da...

    Authors: Mari Yoshida, Saburo Tsuru, Naoko Hirata, Shigeto Seno, Hideo Matsuda, Bei-Wen Ying and Tetsuya Yomo
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:257
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Mammals show a predictable scaling relationship between limb bone size and body mass. This relationship has a genetic basis which likely evolved via natural selection, but it is unclear how much the genetic co...

    Authors: Marta Marchini, Leah M Sparrow, Miranda N Cosman, Alexandra Dowhanik, Carsten B Krueger, Benedikt Hallgrimsson and Campbell Rolian
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:258
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Rodents of the genus Mus represent one of the most valuable biological models for biomedical and evolutionary research. Out of the four currently recognized subgenera, Nannomys (African pygmy mice, including the ...

    Authors: Josef Bryja, Ondřej Mikula, Radim Šumbera, Yonas Meheretu, Tatiana Aghová, Leonid A Lavrenchenko, Vladimír Mazoch, Nicholas Oguge, Judith S Mbau, Kiros Welegerima, Nicaise Amundala, Marc Colyn, Herwig Leirs and Erik Verheyen
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:256
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Collaborative tools are of great help in conducting projects involving distant workers. Recent web technologies have helped to build such tools for jointly editing office documents and scientific data, yet non...

    Authors: Nicolas Fiorini, Vincent Lefort, François Chevenet, Vincent Berry and Anne-Muriel Arigon Chifolleau
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:253
    Content type: Software Published on:

  9. Sex chromosomes exhibit many unusual patterns in sequence and gene expression relative to autosomes. Birds have evolved a female heterogametic sex system (male ZZ, female ZW), through stepwise suppression of r...

    Authors: Zongji Wang, Jilin Zhang, Wei Yang, Na An, Pei Zhang, Guojie Zhang and Qi Zhou
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:250
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Vertebrate skin appendages are constructed of keratins produced by multigene families. Alpha (α) keratins are found in all vertebrates, while beta (β) keratins are found exclusively in reptiles and birds. We h...

    Authors: Matthew J Greenwold, Weier Bao, Erich D Jarvis, Haofu Hu, Cai Li, M Thomas P Gilbert, Guojie Zhang and Roger H Sawyer
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:249
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Investigating the evolution of species-specific insect genitalia is central to understanding how morphological diversification contributes to reproductive isolation and lineage divergence. While many studies e...

    Authors: Maxi Polihronakis Richmond
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:255
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Anthropogenic disturbances can lead to intense selection pressures on traits and very rapid evolutionary changes. Evolutionary responses to environmental changes, in turn, reflect changes in the genetic struct...

    Authors: Morgan Dutilleul, Jean-Marc Bonzom, Catherine Lecomte, Benoit Goussen, Fabrice Daian, Simon Galas and Denis Réale
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:252
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. The allele frequency spectrum (AFS) consists of counts of the number of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci with derived variants present at each given frequency in a sample. Multiple approaches have rec...

    Authors: John D Robinson, Alec J Coffman, Michael J Hickerson and Ryan N Gutenkunst
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:254
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Phenotypic diversity among populations may result from divergent natural selection acting directly on traits or via correlated responses to changes in other traits. One of the most frequent patterns of correla...

    Authors: Márcio S Araújo, S Ivan Perez, Maria Julia C Magazoni and Ana C Petry
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:251
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. The origins of life on the Earth required chemical entities to interact with their environments in ways that could respond to natural selection. The concept of interpretation, where biotic entities use signs i...

    Authors: Niles Lehman, Tess Bernhard, Brian C Larson, Andrew JN Robinson and Christopher CB Southgate
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:248
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Detailed knowledge of spatial and temporal variation in the genetic population structure of hosts and parasites is required for understanding of host − parasite coevolution. As hot-spots of contemporary coevol...

    Authors: Justyna Wolinska, Adam Petrusek, Mingbo Yin, Henrike Koerner, Jaromir Seda and Sabine Giessler
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:247
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Cooperative benefits of mutualistic interactions are affected by genetic variation among the interacting partners, which may have consequences for interaction-specificities across guilds of sympatric species w...

    Authors: Henrik H De Fine Licht and Jacobus J Boomsma
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:244
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Life-history studies of wild bird populations often focus on the relationship between an individual’s condition and its capacity to mount an immune response, as measured by a commonly-employed assay of cutaneo...

    Authors: Scott K Sakaluk, Alastair J Wilson, E Keith Bowers, L Scott Johnson, Brian S Masters, Bonnie GP Johnson, Laura A Vogel, Anna M Forsman and Charles F Thompson
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:242
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Young genes and genes under positive selection commonly contribute to adaptive phenotypic evolution. Early developmental stages are very important for establishing phenotypes, which might be helpful for studyi...

    Authors: He-Qun Liu, Yan Li, David M Irwin, Ya-Ping Zhang and Dong-Dong Wu
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:241
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. The donkey (Equus asinus) is an important domestic animal that provides a reliable source of protein and method of transportation for many human populations. However, the process of domestication and the dispersa...

    Authors: Lu Han, Songbiao Zhu, Chao Ning, Dawei Cai, Kai Wang, Quanjia Chen, Songmei Hu, Junkai Yang, Jing Shao, Hong Zhu and Hui Zhou
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:246
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Decreases in mate and/or pollinator availability would be expected to affect the selective pressure on plant mating systems. An increase in self-fertilization may evolve to compensate for the negative effects ...

    Authors: Chloé EL Delmas, Pierre-Olivier Cheptou, Nathalie Escaravage and André Pornon
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:243
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Fossil lobopodians, including animals proposed to have close affinity to modern onychophorans, are crucial to understanding the evolution of the panarthropod body plan and the phylum-level relationships betwee...

    Authors: Duncan JE Murdock, Sarah E Gabbott, Georg Mayer and Mark A Purnell
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:222
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. The value of a continuous character evolving on a phylogenetic tree is commonly modelled as the location of a particle moving under one-dimensional Brownian motion with constant rate. The Brownian motion model...

    Authors: Michael G Elliot and Arne Ø Mooers
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:226
    Content type: Methodology Article Published on:

  27. Insect compound eyes are composed of ommatidia, which contain photoreceptor cells that are sensitive to different wavelengths of light defined by the specific rhodopsin proteins that they express. The fruit fly D...

    Authors: Maarten Hilbrant, Isabel Almudi, Daniel J Leite, Linta Kuncheria, Nico Posnien, Maria DS Nunes and Alistair P McGregor
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:240
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Mitochondria are ubiquitous membranous organelles of eukaryotic cells that evolved from an alpha-proteobacterial endosymbiont and possess a small genome that encompasses from 3 to 106 genes. Accumulation of th...

    Authors: Sivakumar Kannan, Igor B Rogozin and Eugene V Koonin
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:237
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. RNA or RNA-like polymers are the most likely candidates for having played the lead roles on the stage of the origin of life. RNA is known to feature two of the three essential functions of living entities (met...

    Authors: Balázs Könnyű and Tamás Czárán
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:234
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Satellite DNA can make up a substantial fraction of eukaryotic genomes and has roles in genome structure and chromosome segregation. The rapid evolution of satellite DNA can contribute to genomic instability a...

    Authors: Amanda M Larracuente
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:233
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Osteohistological examinations of fossil vertebrates have utilized a number of proxies, such as counts and spacing of lines of arrested growth (LAGs) and osteocyte lacunar densities (OLD), in order to make inf...

    Authors: Thomas M Cullen, David C Evans, Michael J Ryan, Philip J Currie and Yoshitsugu Kobayashi
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:231
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Calcium carbonate biominerals form often complex and beautiful skeletal elements, including coral exoskeletons and mollusc shells. Although the ability to generate these carbonate structures was apparently gai...

    Authors: Oliver Voigt, Marcin Adamski, Kasia Sluzek and Maja Adamska
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:230
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Despite the common assumption that multiple mating should in general be favored in males, but not in females, to date there is no consensus on the general impact of multiple mating on female fitness. Notably, ...

    Authors: Paolo Innocenti, Ilona Flis and Edward H Morrow
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:239
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Mitochondrial DNA markers have long been used to identify population boundaries and are now a standard tool in conservation biology. In elasmobranchs, evolutionary rates of mitochondrial genes are low and vari...

    Authors: Pierre Feutry, Peter M Kyne, Richard D Pillans, Xiao Chen, Gavin JP Naylor and Peter M Grewe
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:232
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Hybridization provides a unique perspective into the ecological, genetic and behavioral context of speciation. Hybridization is common in birds, but has not yet been reported among bird species with a simultan...

    Authors: Matthew J Miller, Sara E Lipshutz, Neal G Smith and Eldredge Bermingham
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:227
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. African wildlife experienced a reduction in population size and geographical distribution over the last millennium, particularly since the 19th century as a result of human demographic expansion, wildlife overexp...

    Authors: Nathalie Smitz, Daniel Cornélis, Philippe Chardonnet, Alexandre Caron, Michel de Garine-Wichatitsky, Ferran Jori, Alice Mouton, Alice Latinne, Lise-Marie Pigneur, Mario Melletti, Kimberly L Kanapeckas, Jonathan Marescaux, Carlos Lopes Pereira and Johan Michaux
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:203
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    The Erratum to this article has been published in BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:17

  40. The Central and Southern European mountain ranges represent important biodiversity hotspots and show high levels of endemism. In the land snail genus Orcula Held, 1837 nine species are distributed in the Alps and...

    Authors: Josef Harl, Barna Páll-Gergely, Sandra Kirchner, Helmut Sattmann, Michael Duda, Luise Kruckenhauser and Elisabeth Haring
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:223
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Wild relatives in the genus Arabidopsis are recognized as useful model systems to study traits and evolutionary processes in outcrossing species, which are often difficult or even impossible to investigate in the...

    Authors: Nora Hohmann, Roswitha Schmickl, Tzen-Yuh Chiang, Magdalena Lučanová, Filip Kolář, Karol Marhold and Marcus A Koch
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:224
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Rhynchocypris oxycephalus is a cold water fish with a wide geographic distribution including the relatively warm temperate regions of southern China. It also occurs in second- and third-step geomorphic areas in C...

    Authors: Dan Yu, Ming Chen, Qiongying Tang, Xiaojuan Li and Huanzhang Liu
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:225
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying coevolution of ligands and receptors is an important challenge in molecular evolutionary biology. Peptide hormones and their receptors are excellent models for such effort...

    Authors: Barry L Williams, Yasuhisa Akazome, Yoshitaka Oka and Heather L Eisthen
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:215
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. The margins of a species’ range might be located at the margins of a species’ niche, and in such cases, can be highly vulnerable to climate changes. They, however, may also undergo significant evolutionary cha...

    Authors: Makiko Mimura, Misako Mishima, Martin Lascoux and Tetsukazu Yahara
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:209
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a neoplastic disease characterized by cutaneous tumours that has been documented to infect all sea turtle species. Chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus (CFPHV) is believed...

    Authors: Alonzo Alfaro-Núñez, Mads Frost Bertelsen, Anders Miki Bojesen, Isabel Rasmussen, Lisandra Zepeda-Mendoza, Morten Tange Olsen and Marcus Thomas Pius Gilbert
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:206
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. The current taxonomy of the African giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is primarily based on pelage pattern and geographic distribution, and nine subspecies are currently recognized. Although genetic studies have b...

    Authors: Friederike Bock, Julian Fennessy, Tobias Bidon, Andy Tutchings, Andri Marais, Francois Deacon and Axel Janke
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:219
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. As attested by the fossil record, Cretaceous environmental changes have significantly impacted the diversification dynamics of several groups of organisms. A major biome turnover that occurred during this peri...

    Authors: Gael J Kergoat, Patrice Bouchard, Anne-Laure Clamens, Jessica L Abbate, Hervé Jourdan, Roula Jabbour-Zahab, Gwenaelle Genson, Laurent Soldati and Fabien L Condamine
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:220
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Vetulicolians are one of the most problematic and controversial Cambrian fossil groups, having been considered as arthropods, chordates, kinorhynchs, or their own phylum. Mounting evidence suggests that vetuli...

    Authors: Diego C García-Bellido, Michael S Y Lee, Gregory D Edgecombe, James B Jago, James G Gehling and John R Paterson
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:214
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Duplication and subsequent neofunctionalization of the teleostean hatching enzyme gene occurred in the common ancestor of Euteleostei and Otocephala, producing two genes belonging to different phylogenetic cla...

    Authors: Kaori Sano, Mari Kawaguchi, Satoshi Watanabe and Shigeki Yasumasu
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:221
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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