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  1. Population bottlenecks can lead to a loss of variation at disease resistance loci, which could have important consequences for the ability of populations to adapt to pathogen pressure. Alternatively, current o...

    Authors: Gesseca Gos, Tanja Slotte and Stephen I Wright
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:152
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Four of the five species of Telopea (Proteaceae) are distributed in a latitudinal replacement pattern on the south-eastern Australian mainland. In similar circumstances, a simple allopatric speciation model that ...

    Authors: Maurizio Rossetto, Chris B Allen, Katie AG Thurlby, Peter H Weston and Melita L Milner
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:149
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Bdelloid rotifers are microscopic animals that have apparently survived without sex for millions of years and are able to survive desiccation at all life stages through a process called anhydrobiosis. Both of ...

    Authors: Isobel Eyres, Eftychios Frangedakis, Diego Fontaneto, Elisabeth A Herniou, Chiara Boschetti, Adrian Carr, Gos Micklem, Alan Tunnacliffe and Timothy G Barraclough
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:148
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Short chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) are NAD(P)(H)-dependent oxidoreductases with a highly conserved 3D structure and of an early origin, which has allowed them to diverge into several families and enzy...

    Authors: Agustín Sola-Carvajal, María I García-García, Francisco García-Carmona and Álvaro Sánchez-Ferrer
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:147
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. The range of potential morphologies resulting from evolution is limited by complex interacting processes, ranging from development to function. Quantifying these interactions is important for understanding ada...

    Authors: Peter D Smits and Alistair R Evans
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:146
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. The photosynthetic oxygen-evolving photo system II (PS II) produces almost the entire oxygen in the atmosphere. This unique biochemical system comprises a functional core complex that is encoded by psbA and other...

    Authors: Lin Sen, Mario A Fares, Ying-Juan Su and Ting Wang
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:145
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. The highly improved cognitive function is the most significant change in human evolutionary history. Recently, several large-scale studies reported the evolutionary roles of DNA methylation; however, the role ...

    Authors: Jinkai Wang, Xiangyu Cao, Yanfeng Zhang and Bing Su
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:144
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is an important component of the vertebrate immune system and is frequently used to characterise adaptive variation in wild populations due to its co-evolution with p...

    Authors: Alexandra Jansen van Rensburg, Paulette Bloomer, Peter G Ryan and Bengt Hansson
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:143
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. The Pleistocene Ice Ages were the most recent geohistorical event of major global impact, but their consequences for most parts of the Southern hemisphere remain poorly known. We investigate a radiation of ten...

    Authors: Oliver Hawlitschek, Lars Hendrich, Marianne Espeland, Emmanuel FA Toussaint, Martin J Genner and Michael Balke
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:142
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Proteins of the mammalian PYHIN (IFI200/HIN-200) family are involved in defence against infection through recognition of foreign DNA. The family member absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) binds cytosolic DNA via its H...

    Authors: Jasmyn A Cridland, Eva Z Curley, Michelle N Wykes, Kate Schroder, Matthew J Sweet, Tara L Roberts, Mark A Ragan, Karin S Kassahn and Katryn J Stacey
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:140
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Patagonia extends for more than 84,000 km of irregular coasts is an area especially apt to evaluate how historic and contemporary processes influence the distribution and connectivity of shallow marine benthic...

    Authors: Claudio A González-Wevar, Mathias Hüne, Juan I Cañete, Andrés Mansilla, Tomoyuki Nakano and Elie Poulin
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:139
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Proteins convey the majority of biochemical and cellular activities in organisms. Over the course of evolution, proteins undergo normal sequence mutations as well as large scale mutations involving domain dupl...

    Authors: Zhengyuan Wang, Dante Zarlenga, John Martin, Sahar Abubucker and Makedonka Mitreva
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:138
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Duplicated glucocorticoid receptors (GR) are present in most teleost fish. The evolutionary advantage of retaining two GRs is unclear, as no subtype specific functional traits or physiological roles have been ...

    Authors: Yi Li, Armin Sturm, Phil Cunningham and Nicolas R Bury
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:137
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Adaptation of pathogens to their hosts depends critically on factors affecting pathogen reproductive rate. While pathogen reproduction is the end result of an intricate interaction between host and pathogen, t...

    Authors: Emily Bruns, Martin Carson and Georgiana May
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:135
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Chemically mediated prezygotic barriers to reproduction likely play an important role in speciation. In facultatively sexual monogonont rotifers from the Brachionus plicatilis cryptic species complex, mate recogn...

    Authors: Kristin E Gribble and David B Mark Welch
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:134
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Fungus farming is an unusual life style in insects that has evolved many times in the wood boring weevils named ‘ambrosia beetles’. Multiple occurrences of this behaviour allow for a detailed comparison of the...

    Authors: Bjarte H Jordal and Anthony I Cognato
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:133
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Hybridisation is presumed to be an important mechanism in plant speciation and a creative evolutionary force often accompanied by polyploidisation and in some cases by apomixis. The Potentilla collina group const...

    Authors: Juraj Paule, Antonia Scherbantin and Christoph Dobeš
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:132
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Bactrocera dorsalis s.s. is a pestiferous tephritid fruit fly distributed from Pakistan to the Pacific, with the Thai/Malay peninsula its southern limit. Sister pest taxa, B. papayae and B. philippinensis, occur ...

    Authors: Mark K Schutze, Matthew N Krosch, Karen F Armstrong, Toni A Chapman, Anna Englezou, Anastasija Chomič, Stephen L Cameron, Deborah Hailstones and Anthony R Clarke
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:130
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. The marine environment is comprised of numerous divergent organisms living under similar selective pressures, often resulting in the evolution of convergent structures such as the fusiform body shape of pelagi...

    Authors: Annie R Lindgren, Molly S Pankey, Frederick G Hochberg and Todd H Oakley
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:129
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Retrogenes generally do not contain introns. However, in some instances, retrogenes may recruit internal exonic sequences as introns, which is known as intronization. A retrogene that undergoes intronization i...

    Authors: Li-Fang Kang, Zheng-Lin Zhu, Qian Zhao, Li-Yong Chen and Ze Zhang
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:128
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. The glucosinolate-myrosinase system is an activated chemical defense system found in plants of the Brassicales order. Glucosinolates are stored separately from their hydrolytic enzymes, the myrosinases, in pla...

    Authors: Jennifer C Kuchernig, Meike Burow and Ute Wittstock
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:127
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Gene duplicates have been shown to evolve at different rates. Here we further investigate the mechanism and functional underpinning of this phenomenon by assessing asymmetric evolution specifically within func...

    Authors: Mugdha Khaladkar and Sridhar Hannenhalli
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:126
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins (AKAPs) are molecular scaffolding proteins mediating the assembly of multi-protein complexes containing cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), directing the kinase in discrete subce...

    Authors: Keven R Johnson, Jessie Nicodemus-Johnson, Graeme K Carnegie and Robert S Danziger
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:125
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Previous studies have proposed that mammalian toll like receptors (TLRs) have evolved under diversifying selection due to their role in pathogen detection. To determine if this is the case, we examined the ext...

    Authors: Sarah A Smith, Oliver C Jann, David Haig, George C Russell, Dirk Werling, Elizabeth J Glass and Richard D Emes
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:122
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Inferences concerning the evolution of invertebrate nervous systems are often hampered by the lack of a solid data base for little known but phylogenetically crucial taxa. In order to contribute to the discuss...

    Authors: Elena Temereva and Andreas Wanninger
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:121
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Duikers in the subfamily Cephalophinae are a group of tropical forest mammals believed to have first originated during the late Miocene. However, knowledge of phylogenetic relationships, pattern and timing of ...

    Authors: Anne R Johnston and Nicola M Anthony
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:120
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Maternal effects are environmental influences on the phenotype of one individual that are due to the expression of genes in its mother, and are expected to evolve whenever females are better capable of assessi...

    Authors: Bruno A Buzatto, Joseph L Tomkins and Leigh W Simmons
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:118
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. A number of studies have measured selection in nature to understand how populations adapt to their environment; however, the temporal dynamics of selection are rarely investigated. The aim of this study was to...

    Authors: Miyako Kodama, Jeffrey J Hard and Kerry A Naish
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:116
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), defined as small random deviations from the ideal bilateral symmetry, has been hypothesized to increase in response to both genetic and environmental stress experienced by a populat...

    Authors: Nina Trokovic, Gábor Herczeg, Nurul Izza Ab Ghani, Takahito Shikano and Juha Merilä
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:115
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Cancer, much like most human disease, is routinely studied by utilizing model organisms. Of these model organisms, mice are often dominant. However, our assumptions of functional equivalence fail to consider t...

    Authors: Claire C Morgan, Kabita Shakya, Andrew Webb, Thomas A Walsh, Mark Lynch, Christine E Loscher, Heather J Ruskin and Mary J O’Connell
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:114
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Ommatidae is arguably the “most ancestral” extant beetle family. Recent species of this group are only found in South America and Australia, but the fossil record reveals a much broader geographical distributi...

    Authors: Jingjing Tan, Yongjie Wang, Dong Ren and Xingke Yang
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:113
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Force, Lynch and Conery proposed the duplication-degeneration-complementation (DDC) model in which partitioning of ancestral functions (subfunctionalization) and acquisition of novel functions (neofunctionaliz...

    Authors: Ananda B Venkatachalam, Santosh P Lall, Eileen M Denovan-Wright and Jonathan M Wright
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:112
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. The parathyroid hormone (PTH)-family consists of a group of structurally related factors that regulate calcium and bone homeostasis and are also involved in development of organs such as the heart, mammary gla...

    Authors: Pedro LC Pinheiro, João CR Cardoso, Deborah M Power and Adelino V M Canário
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:110
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. The Cucurbitaceae genus Trichosanthes comprises 90–100 species that occur from India to Japan and southeast to Australia and Fiji. Most species have large white or pale yellow petals with conspicuously fringed ma...

    Authors: Hugo J de Boer, Hanno Schaefer, Mats Thulin and Susanne S Renner
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:108
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Myosin II (or Myosin Heavy Chain II, MHCII) is a family of molecular motors involved in the contractile activity of animal muscle cells but also in various other cellular processes in non-muscle cells. Previou...

    Authors: Cyrielle Dayraud, Alexandre Alié, Muriel Jager, Patrick Chang, Hervé Le Guyader, Michaël Manuel and Eric Quéinnec
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:107
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Mutualistic interactions are wide-spread but the mechanisms underlying their evolutionary stability and ecological dynamics remain poorly understood. Cultivation mutualisms in which hosts consume symbionts occ...

    Authors: Aniek BF Ivens, Daniel JC Kronauer, Ido Pen, Franz J Weissing and Jacobus J Boomsma
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:106
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. The loss of phenotypic characters is a common feature of evolution. Cave organisms provide excellent models for investigating the underlying patterns and processes governing the evolutionary loss of phenotypic...

    Authors: Joshua B Gross
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:105
    Content type: Review Published on:

  48. When simple sequence repeats are integrated into functional genes, they can potentially act as evolutionary ‘tuning knobs’, supplying abundant genetic variation with minimal risk of pleiotropic deleterious eff...

    Authors: Marie A Pointer, Jason M Kamilar, Vera Warmuth, Stephen G B Chester, Frédéric Delsuc, Nicholas I Mundy, Robert J Asher and Brenda J Bradley
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:103
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Uncertainty in comparative analyses can come from at least two sources: a) phylogenetic uncertainty in the tree topology or branch lengths, and b) uncertainty due to intraspecific variation in trait values, ei...

    Authors: Pierre de Villemereuil, Jessie A Wells, Robert D Edwards and Simon P Blomberg
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:102
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

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