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  1. Malin is an E3-ubiquitin ligase that is mutated in Lafora disease, a fatal form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. In order to perform its function, malin forms a functional complex with laforin, a glucan phos...

    Authors: Carlos Romá-Mateo, Daniel Moreno, Santiago Vernia, Teresa Rubio, Travis M Bridges, Matthew S Gentry and Pascual Sanz
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:225
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Biologists studying adaptation under sexual selection have spent considerable effort assessing the relative importance of two groups of models, which hinge on the idea that females gain indirect benefits via m...

    Authors: Magdalena Nystrand, Damian K Dowling and Leigh W Simmons
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:222
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Metacrangonyctidae (Amphipoda, Crustacea) is an enigmatic continental subterranean water family of marine origin (thalassoid). One of the species in the genus, Metacrangonyx longipes, is endemic to the Balearic i...

    Authors: Maria M Bauzà-Ribot, Damià Jaume, Joan J Fornós, Carlos Juan and Joan Pons
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:221
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. RNA viruses evolve extremely quickly, allowing them to rapidly adapt to new environmental conditions. Viral pathogens, such as influenza virus, exploit this capacity for evolutionary change to persist within t...

    Authors: Trevor Bedford, Sarah Cobey and Mercedes Pascual
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:220
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. tRNase Z removes the 3'-trailer sequences from precursor tRNAs, which is an essential step preceding the addition of the CCA sequence. tRNase Z exists in the short (tRNase ZS) and long (tRNase ZL) forms. Based on...

    Authors: Lijuan Fan, Zhikang Wang, Jinyu Liu, Weili Guo, Jie Yan and Ying Huang
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:219
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. In addition to providing phylogenetic relationships, tree making procedures such as parsimony and maximum likelihood can make specific predictions of actual historical sequences. Resurrection of such sequences...

    Authors: Qing Lu and George E Fox
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:218
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. The rate and mode of lineage diversification might be shaped by clade-specific traits. In Madagascar, many groups of organisms are characterized by tiny distribution ranges and small body sizes, and this high ...

    Authors: Katharina C Wollenberg, David R Vieites, Frank Glaw and Miguel Vences
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:217
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. The glacial-interglacial oscillations caused severe range modifications of biota. Thermophilic species became extinct in the North and survived in southern retreats, e.g. the Mediterranean Basin. These repeate...

    Authors: Jan C Habel, Luc Lens, Dennis Rödder and Thomas Schmitt
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:215
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Despite phylogeographical patterns being well characterised in a large number of species, and generalised patterns emerging, the carnivores do not all appear to show consistent trends. While some species tend ...

    Authors: Amber GF Teacher, Jessica A Thomas and Ian Barnes
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:214
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Cortinarius species in section Calochroi display local, clinal and circumboreal patterns of distribution across the Northern Hemisphere where these ectomycorrhizal fungi occur with host trees throughout their geo...

    Authors: Sigisfredo Garnica, Philipp Spahn, Bernhard Oertel, Joseph Ammirati and Franz Oberwinkler
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:213
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Evidence for historical, demographic and selective factors affecting enzyme evolution can be obtained by examining nucleotide sequence variation in candidate genes such as Lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh). Two closely...

    Authors: Teresa J Crease, Robin Floyd, Melania E Cristescu and David Innes
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:212
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Studying contemporary hybridization increases our understanding of introgression, adaptation and, ultimately, speciation. The sister species Ischnura elegans and I. graellsii (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) are ecologi...

    Authors: Rosa A Sánchez-Guillén, Maren Wellenreuther, Adolfo Cordero-Rivera and Bengt Hansson
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:210
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Ecological specializations such as antipredator defense can reinforce morphological and distributional divergence within hybridizing species. Two hybridizing species of Daphnia (D. galeata and D. dentifera) are d...

    Authors: Seiji Ishida, Akiko Takahashi, Noe Matsushima, Jun Yokoyama, Wataru Makino, Jotaro Urabe and Masakado Kawata
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:209
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Histone variants alter the composition of nucleosomes and play crucial roles in transcription, chromosome segregation, DNA repair, and sperm compaction. Modification of metazoan histone variant lineages occurs...

    Authors: Alexandra Moosmann, Coen Campsteijn, Pascal WTC Jansen, Carole Nasrallah, Martina Raasholm, Henk G Stunnenberg and Eric M Thompson
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:208
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Fungal secondary metabolites have been suggested to function as chemical defenses against insect antagonists, i.e. predators and competitors. Because insects and fungi often compete for dead organic material, ...

    Authors: Monika Trienens and Marko Rohlfs
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:206
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Supertree methods combine overlapping input trees into a larger supertree. Here, I consider split-based supertree methods that first extract the split information of the input trees and subsequently combine th...

    Authors: Anne Kupczok
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:205
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  22. Pathogens have represented an important selective force during the adaptation of modern human populations to changing social and other environmental conditions. The evolution of the immune system has therefore...

    Authors: Ferran Casals, Martin Sikora, Hafid Laayouni, Ludovica Montanucci, Aura Muntasell, Ross Lazarus, Francesc Calafell, Philip Awadalla, Mihai G Netea and Jaume Bertranpetit
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:202
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Fragmentation of terrestrial ecosystems has had detrimental effects on metapopulations of habitat specialists. Maculinea butterflies have been particularly affected because of their specialized lifecycles, requir...

    Authors: Line V Ugelvig, Per S Nielsen, Jacobus J Boomsma and David R Nash
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:201
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Since the discovery of the Malta fever agent, Brucella melitensis, in the 19th century, six terrestrial mammal-associated Brucella species were recognized over the next century. More recently the number of novel

    Authors: Stéphane Audic, Magali Lescot, Jean-Michel Claverie, Axel Cloeckaert and Michel S Zygmunt
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:200
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. DNA-based studies have demonstrated that avian genetic mating systems vary widely, with many species deviating from long-assumed monogamy by practicing extra-pair paternity and conspecific brood parasitism. Co...

    Authors: Carolina I Miño, Michael A Russello, Priscila F Mussi Gonçalves and Silvia N Del Lama
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:196
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. The decline in amphibian populations across the world is frequently linked to the infection of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). This is particularly perplexing because Bd was only recently ...

    Authors: Guiling Sun, Zefeng Yang, Tiffany Kosch, Kyle Summers and Jinling Huang
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:195
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Reproductive isolation (RI) is widely accepted as an important "check point" in the diversification process, since it defines irreversible evolutionary trajectories. Much less consensus exists about the proces...

    Authors: Ricardo J Pereira, William B Monahan and David B Wake
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:194
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Domain or gene fusion analysis is a bioinformatics method for detecting gene fusions in one organism by comparing its genome to that of other organisms. The occurrence of gene fusions suggests that the two ori...

    Authors: Dimitris Dimitriadis, V Lila Koumandou, Philip Trimpalis and Sophia Kossida
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:193
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Small insertions and deletions ("indels" with size ≦ 100 bp) whose lengths are not multiples of three (non-3n) are strongly constrained and depleted in protein-coding sequences. Such a constraint has never bee...

    Authors: Chun-Hsi Chen, Ben-Yang Liao and Feng-Chi Chen
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:192
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. The mesic habitats of eastern Australia harbour a highly diverse fauna. We examined the impact of climatic oscillations and recognised biogeographic barriers on the evolutionary history of the delicate skink (Lam...

    Authors: David G Chapple, Conrad J Hoskin, Stephanie NJ Chapple and Michael B Thompson
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:191
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. In many species males face a higher predation risk than females because males display elaborate traits that evolved under sexual selection, which may attract not only females but also predators. Females are, t...

    Authors: David Bierbach, Matthias Schulte, Nina Herrmann, Michael Tobler, Stefan Stadler, Christian T Jung, Benjamin Kunkel, Rüdiger Riesch, Sebastian Klaus, Madlen Ziege, Jeane Rimber Indy, Lenin Arias-Rodriguez and Martin Plath
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:190
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. The Coral Triangle (CT), bounded by the Philippines, the Malay Peninsula, and New Guinea, is the epicenter of marine biodiversity. Hypotheses that explain the source of this rich biodiversity include 1) the ce...

    Authors: Michelle R Gaither, Brian W Bowen, Tiana-Rae Bordenave, Luiz A Rocha, Stephen J Newman, Juan A Gomez, Lynne van Herwerden and Matthew T Craig
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:189
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Monoculture, multi-cropping and wider use of highly resistant cultivars have been proposed as mechanisms to explain the elevated rate of evolution of plant pathogens in agricultural ecosystems. We used a mark-...

    Authors: Rubik J Sommerhalder, Bruce A McDonald, Fabio Mascher and Jiasui Zhan
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:188
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. The Erythrinidae fish family is characterized by a large variation with respect to diploid chromosome numbers and sex-determining systems among its species, including two multiple X1X2Y sex systems in Hoplias mal...

    Authors: Marcelo B Cioffi, Antonio Sánchez, Juan A Marchal, Nadezda Kosyakova, Thomas Liehr, Vladimir Trifonov and Luiz AC Bertollo
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:186
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Several phytoplasmas, wall-less phloem limited plant pathogenic bacteria, have been shown to contain extrachromosomal DNA (EcDNA) molecules encoding a replication associated protein (Rep) similar to that of ge...

    Authors: Federica Saccardo, Emanuele Cettul, Sabrina Palmano, Emanuela Noris and Giuseppe Firrao
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:185
    Content type: Correspondence Published on:

  40. Anopheles gambiae mates in flight at particular mating sites over specific landmarks known as swarm markers. The swarms are composed of males; females typically approach a swarm, and leave in copula. This mating ...

    Authors: Abdoulaye Diabaté, Alpha S Yaro, Adama Dao, Moussa Diallo, Diana L Huestis and Tovi Lehmann
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:184
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Escherichia coli is one of the best studied organisms in all of biology, but its phylogenetic structure has been difficult to resolve with current data and analytical techniques. We analyzed single nucleotide pol...

    Authors: Shana R Leopold, Stanley A Sawyer, Thomas S Whittam and Phillip I Tarr
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:183
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Researchers conducting molecular phylogenetic studies are frequently faced with the decision of what to do when weak branch support is obtained for key nodes of importance. As one solution, the researcher may ...

    Authors: Akito Y Kawahara, Issei Ohshima, Atsushi Kawakita, Jerome C Regier, Charles Mitter, Michael P Cummings, Donald R Davis, David L Wagner, Jurate De Prins and Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:182
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Introgressive events (e.g., hybridization, gene flow, horizontal gene transfer) and incomplete lineage sorting of ancestral polymorphisms are a challenge for phylogenetic analyses since different genes may exh...

    Authors: Juan S Escobar, Céline Scornavacca, Alberto Cenci, Claire Guilhaumon, Sylvain Santoni, Emmanuel JP Douzery, Vincent Ranwez, Sylvain Glémin and Jacques David
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:181
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Coleoid cephalopods (squids and octopuses) have evolved a camera eye, the structure of which is very similar to that found in vertebrates and which is considered a classic example of convergent evolution. Othe...

    Authors: Masa-aki Yoshida and Atsushi Ogura
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:180
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. We characterized variation and chemical composition of epicuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) in the seven species of the Drosophila buzzatii cluster with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Despite the critical role...

    Authors: Cássia C de Oliveira, Maura H Manfrin, Fábio de M Sene, Larry L Jackson and William J Etges
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:179
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Non-pollinating Sycophaginae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) form small communities within Urostigma and Sycomorus fig trees. The species show differences in galling habits and exhibit apterous, winged or dimorphic m...

    Authors: Astrid Cruaud, Roula Jabbour-Zahab, Gwenaëlle Genson, Finn Kjellberg, Noppol Kobmoo, Simon van Noort, Yang Da-Rong, Peng Yan-Qiong, Rosichon Ubaidillah, Paul E Hanson, Otilene Santos-Mattos, Fernando HA Farache, Rodrigo AS Pereira, Carole Kerdelhué and Jean-Yves Rasplus
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:178
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Freshwater harbors approximately 12,000 fish species accounting for 43% of the diversity of all modern fish. A single ancestral lineage evolved into about two-thirds of this enormous biodiversity (≈ 7900 spp.)...

    Authors: Masanori Nakatani, Masaki Miya, Kohji Mabuchi, Kenji Saitoh and Mutsumi Nishida
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:177
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Ecosystem engineers facilitate habitat formation and enhance biodiversity, but when they become invasive, they present a critical threat to native communities because they can drastically alter the receiving h...

    Authors: Peter R Teske, Marc Rius, Christopher D McQuaid, Craig A Styan, Maxine P Piggott, Saïd Benhissoune, Claudio Fuentes-Grünewald, Kathy Walls, Mike Page, Catherine RM Attard, Georgina M Cooke, Claire F McClusky, Sam C Banks, Nigel P Barker and Luciano B Beheregaray
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:176
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Microhylidae is a geographically widespread family of anurans. Although several extensive molecular analyses have attempted to elucidate their subfamilial relationships, and correlate these with Mesozoic and C...

    Authors: Atsushi Kurabayashi, Masafumi Matsui, Daicus M Belabut, Hoi-Sen Yong, Norhayati Ahmad, Ahmad Sudin, Mitsuru Kuramoto, Amir Hamidy and Masayuki Sumida
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:175
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Pleistocene climate fluctuations have shaped the patterns of genetic diversity observed in many extant species. In montane habitats, species' ranges may have expanded and contracted along an altitudinal gradie...

    Authors: Yanhua Qu, Xu Luo, Ruiying Zhang, Gang Song, Fasheng Zou and Fumin Lei
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:174
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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