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  1. In addition to vertical transmission, organisms can also acquire genes from other distantly related species or from their extra-chromosomal elements (plasmids and viruses) via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). I...

    Authors: Huiquan Liu, Yanping Fu, Bo Li, Xiao Yu, Jiatao Xie, Jiasen Cheng, Said A Ghabrial, Guoqing Li, Xianhong Yi and Daohong Jiang
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:276
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Schmidtea mediterranea (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Continenticola) is found in scattered localities on a few islands and in coastal areas of the western Mediterranean. Although S. mediterranea is the object of ...

    Authors: Eva M Lázaro, Abdul Halim Harrath, Giacinta A Stocchino, Maria Pala, Jaume Baguñà and Marta Riutort
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:274
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. The chamois, distributed over most of the medium to high altitude mountain ranges of southern Eurasia, provides an excellent model for exploring the effects of historical and evolutionary events on diversifica...

    Authors: Trinidad Pérez, Sabine E Hammer, Jesús Albornoz and Ana Domínguez
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:272
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Insertion sequence (IS) elements are important mediators of genome plasticity and are widespread among bacterial and archaeal genomes. The 1.88 Mbp genome of the obligate intracellular amoeba symbiont Amoebophilu...

    Authors: Stephan Schmitz-Esser, Thomas Penz, Anja Spang and Matthias Horn
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:270
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Revolver is a newly discovered multi-gene family of transposable elements in the Triticeae genome. Revolver encompasses 2929 to 3041 bp, has 20 bp of terminal inverted repeated sequences at both ends, and contain...

    Authors: Motonori Tomita, Asuka Okutani, Avigdor Beiles and Eviatar Nevo
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:269
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Coronins belong to the superfamily of the eukaryotic-specific WD40-repeat proteins and play a role in several actin-dependent processes like cytokinesis, cell motility, phagocytosis, and vesicular trafficking....

    Authors: Christian Eckert, Björn Hammesfahr and Martin Kollmar
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:268
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. The Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome (APC/C) is the largest member of the ubiquitin ligase [E3] family. It plays a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle and cell proliferation by mediating the p...

    Authors: Laura Eme, Aurélie Trilles, David Moreira and Céline Brochier-Armanet
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:265
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. The classical perspective that interspecific hybridization in animals is rare has been changing due to a growing list of empirical examples showing the occurrence of gene flow between closely related species. ...

    Authors: Fernando Sequeira, Davidson Sodré, Nuno Ferrand, José AR Bernardi, Iracilda Sampaio, Horacio Schneider and Marcelo Vallinoto
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:264
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Triacylglycerides (TAGs) are a class of neutral lipids that represent the most important storage form of energy for eukaryotic cells. DGAT (acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase; EC 2.3.1.20) is a transmemb...

    Authors: Andreia C Turchetto-Zolet, Felipe S Maraschin, Guilherme L de Morais, Alexandro Cagliari, Cláudia MB Andrade, Marcia Margis-Pinheiro and Rogerio Margis
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:263
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. The second Internal Transcriber Spacer (ITS2) is a fast evolving part of the nuclear-encoded rRNA operon located between the 5.8S and 28S rRNA genes. Based on crossing experiments it has been proposed that eve...

    Authors: Lenka Caisová, Birger Marin and Michael Melkonian
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:262
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Genome architecture is profoundly influenced by transposable elements (TEs), and natural selection against their harmful effects is a critical factor limiting their spread. Genome defense by the piRNA silencin...

    Authors: Dean M Castillo, Joshua Chang Mell, Kimberly S Box and Justin P Blumenstiel
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:258
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. It has been known for over a decade that Plasmodium falciparum proteins are enriched in non-globular domains of unknown function. The potential for these regions of protein sequence to undergo high levels of gene...

    Authors: Kate B Gardner, Ipsita Sinha, Leyla Y Bustamante, Nicholas PJ Day, Nicholas J White and Charles J Woodrow
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:257
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Establishment of geographic morph frequency clines is difficult to explain in organisms with limited gene flow. Balancing selection, such as negative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS), is instead suggested ...

    Authors: Yuma Takahashi, Satoru Morita, Jin Yoshimura and Mamoru Watanabe
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:256
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. The genus Pyrus belongs to the tribe Pyreae (the former subfamily Maloideae) of the family Rosaceae, and includes one of the most important commercial fruit crops, pear. The phylogeny of Pyrus has not been defini...

    Authors: Xiaoyan Zheng, Chunyun Hu, David Spooner, Jing Liu, Jiashu Cao and Yuanwen Teng
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:255
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. A major goal of molecular evolutionary biology is to understand the fate and consequences of duplicated genes. In this context, aphids are intriguing because the newly sequenced pea aphid genome harbors an ext...

    Authors: Rebecca P Duncan, Lubov Nathanson and Alex CC Wilson
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:253
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. The fossil record has suggested that clade growth may differ in marine and terrestrial taxa, supporting equilibrial models in the former and expansionist models in the latter. However, incomplete sampling may ...

    Authors: Robert B Davis, David B Nicholson, Emily LR Saunders and Peter J Mayhew
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:252
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. This Editorial highlights recent changes to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and the implications these changes have for electronic journals.

    Authors: Elizabeth C Moylan
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:251
    Content type: Editorial Published on:

  24. Changes to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature are decided on every 6 years at Nomenclature Sections associated with International Botanical Congresses (IBC). The XVIII IBC was held in Melbourne, Aus...

    Authors: Sandra Knapp, John McNeill and Nicholas J Turland
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:250
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  25. The red yeasts are an early diverged group of basidiomycetes comprising sexual and asexual species. Sexuality is based on two compatible mating types and sexual identity is determined by MAT loci that encode home...

    Authors: Marco A Coelho, Paula Gonçalves and José P Sampaio
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:249
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Stem-relatives of many winged insect orders have been identified among Pennsylvanian fossils (Carboniferous Period). Owing to their presumed 'basal' position in insect phylogeny, stoneflies were expected to oc...

    Authors: Olivier Béthoux, Yingying Cui, Boris Kondratieff, Bill Stark and Dong Ren
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:248
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. The mycobacterial genome is inclined to polymerase slippage and a high mutation rate in microsatellite regions due to high GC content and absence of a mismatch repair system. However, the exact molecular mecha...

    Authors: Lianhua Qin, Jie Wang, Ruijuan Zheng, Junmei Lu, Hua Yang, Zhonghua Liu, Zhenling Cui, Ruiliang Jin, Yonghong Feng and Zhongyi Hu
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:247
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. The phylogenetic position of the Protura, traditionally considered the most basal hexapod group, is disputed because it has many unique morphological characters compared with other hexapods. Although mitochond...

    Authors: Wan-Jun Chen, Yun Bu, Antonio Carapelli, Romano Dallai, Sheng Li, Wen-Ying Yin and Yun-Xia Luan
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:246
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Ring species, exemplified by salamanders of the Ensatina eschscholtzii complex, represent a special window into the speciation process because they allow the history of species formation to be traced back in time...

    Authors: Thomas J Devitt, Stuart JE Baird and Craig Moritz
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:245
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Genomic imprinting causes parent-of-origin specific gene expression by differential epigenetic modifications between two parental genomes. We previously reported that there is no evidence of genomic imprinting...

    Authors: Shunsuke Suzuki, Geoffrey Shaw, Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino, Fumitoshi Ishino and Marilyn B Renfree
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:244
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Dlx (Distal-less) genes have various developmental roles and are widespread throughout the animal kingdom, usually occurring as single copy genes in non-chordates and as multiple copies in most chordate genome...

    Authors: Carmel McDougall, Natalia Korchagina, Jonathan L Tobin and David EK Ferrier
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:241
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. The ability to predict the function and structure of complex molecular mechanisms underlying cellular behaviour is one of the main aims of systems biology. To achieve it, we need to understand the evolutionary...

    Authors: Orkun S Soyer and Richard A Goldstein
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:240
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. The recent sequencing of nematode genomes has laid the basis for comparative genomics approaches to study the impact of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) on the adaptation to new environments and the evolution of...

    Authors: Christian Rödelsperger and Ralf J Sommer
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:239
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. The synchronous and widespread adoption of the ability to biomineralize was a defining event for metazoan evolution during the late Precambrian/early Cambrian 545 million years ago. However our understanding o...

    Authors: Daniel J Jackson, Luciana Macis, Joachim Reitner and Gert Wörheide
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:238
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Chemosensory receptors, which are all G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), come in four types: odorant receptors (ORs), vomeronasal receptors, trace-amine associated receptors and formyl peptide receptor-like ...

    Authors: Yingsong Zhou, Xiaojun Yan, Shanliang Xu, Peng Zhu, Xianxing He and Jianxin Liu
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:237
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Sperm cells are the target of strong sexual selection that may drive changes in sperm structure and function to maximize fertilisation success. Sperm evolution is regarded to be one of the major consequences o...

    Authors: Yoko Iwata, Paul Shaw, Eiji Fujiwara, Kogiku Shiba, Yasutaka Kakiuchi and Noritaka Hirohashi
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:236
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. LNX (Ligand of Numb Protein-X) proteins typically contain an amino-terminal RING domain adjacent to either two or four PDZ domains - a domain architecture that is unique to the LNX family. LNX proteins functio...

    Authors: Michael Flynn, Orthis Saha and Paul Young
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:235
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Chordate evolution is a history of innovations that is marked by physical and behavioral specializations, which led to the development of a variety of forms from a single ancestral group. Among other important...

    Authors: Stefan Kurtenbach, Christoph Mayer, Thomas Pelz, Hanns Hatt, Florian Leese and Eva M Neuhaus
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:234
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Biotin-dependent carboxylases are a diverse family of carboxylating enzymes widespread in the three domains of life, and thus thought to be very ancient. This family includes enzymes that carboxylate acetyl-Co...

    Authors: Jonathan Lombard and David Moreira
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:232
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. The population structure of cyclical parthenogens such as water fleas is strongly influenced by the frequency of alternations between sexual and asexual (parthenogenetic) reproduction, which may differ among p...

    Authors: Eva Hamrová, Joachim Mergeay and Adam Petrusek
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:231
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. The fungal genus Serpula (Serpulaceae, Boletales) comprises several saprotrophic (brown rot) taxa, including the aggressive house-infecting dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans. Recent phylogenetic analyses have indi...

    Authors: Inger Skrede, Ingeborg B Engh, Manfred Binder, Tor Carlsen, Håvard Kauserud and Mika Bendiksby
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:230
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. We studied patterns of molecular adaptation in the wild Mediterranean legume Medicago truncatula. We focused on two phenotypic traits that are not functionally linked: flowering time and perception of symbiotic m...

    Authors: Stéphane De Mita, Nathalie Chantret, Karine Loridon, Joëlle Ronfort and Thomas Bataillon
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:229
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. The mitochondrial genome of the Octocorallia has several characteristics atypical for metazoans, including a novel gene suggested to function in DNA repair. This mtMutS gene is favored for octocoral molecular sys...

    Authors: Jaret P Bilewitch and Sandie M Degnan
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:228
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Efficient gene expression involves a trade-off between (i) premature termination of protein synthesis; and (ii) readthrough, where the ribosome fails to dissociate at the terminal stop. Sense codons that are s...

    Authors: Louise J Johnson, James A Cotton, Conrad P Lichtenstein, Greg S Elgar, Richard A Nichols, p David Polly and Steven C Le Comber
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:227
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Gene clusters containing multiple similar genomic regions in close proximity are of great interest for biomedical studies because of their associations with inherited diseases. However, such regions are diffic...

    Authors: Giltae Song, Chih-Hao Hsu, Cathy Riemer, Yu Zhang, Hie Lim Kim, Federico Hoffmann, Louxin Zhang, Ross C Hardison, Eric D Green and Webb Miller
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:226
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. The passage through the cell cycle is controlled by complexes of cyclins, the regulatory units, with cyclin-dependent kinases, the catalytic units. It is also known that cyclins form several families, which di...

    Authors: Konstantin V Gunbin, Valentin V Suslov, Igor I Turnaev, Dmitry A Afonnikov and Nikolay A Kolchanov
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:224
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Interspecific hybridization may lead to the introgression of genes and genomes across species barriers and contribute to a reticulate evolutionary pattern and thus taxonomic uncertainties. Since several previo...

    Authors: Jiang Liu, Li Yu, Michael L Arnold, Chun-Hua Wu, Shi-Fang Wu, Xin Lu and Ya-Ping Zhang
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:223
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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