Table 1 Selected target genes involved in the development and/or morphogenesis of scales in teleost fish
Gene | Related functions | Species | References |
|---|---|---|---|
bmp4 | A ligand of the TGF-β superfamily implicated in formation and calcification of elasmoid scale | Zebrafish | [96] |
col1a2 | A member of collagen family highly expressed in both developing and adult elasmoid scales and responsive to environmental changes | Zebrafish | |
ctsk | A lysosomal cysteine proteinase involved in bone remodeling/resorption and expressed in in both developing and adult elasmoid scale and responsive to environmental changes | Zebrafish | |
dlx5 | A homeobox transcription factor involved in bone development and scale formation and regeneration and responsive to environmental changes | Zebrafish Goldfish | |
eda edar | A tumor necrosis factor and its receptor mediating a signal involved in development of ectodermal organs and playing role in scale formation and morphogenesis | Zebrafish Medaka Sculpin Stickleback | |
fgf20 | A fibroblast growth factor involved in formation of scale development and morphogenesis | Zebrafish | |
fgfr1 | A conserved receptor of fibroblast growth factor involved in formation of scales during juvenile development and morphological changes of scales in adult | Zebrafish Carp Cichlid | |
mmp2 mmp9 | Members of matrix metalloproteinases involved in development, regeneration and tissue remodeling of scale | Zebrafish | [105] |
opg | An osteoblast-secreted decoy receptor that functions as a negative regulator of bone resorption involved in scale formation and regeneration | Zebrafish goldfish | |
rankl | A ligand for opg and functions as a key factor for osteoclast differentiation bone remodeling involved in scale formation and regeneration and responsive to environmental changes | Zebrafish Goldfish | |
runx2a | A transcription factors essential for osteoblastic differentiation and skeletal morphogenesis involved in scale formation and regeneration and responsive to environmental changes | Zebrafish Goldfish | |
sema4d | A cell surface receptor involved in cell–cell signaling and scale formation and responsive to environmental changes | Zebrafish | [82] |
shh | A ligand of Hedgehog signaling pathway involved in the control of scale morphogenesis in relationship with the formation of the epidermal fold in the posterior region | Zebrafish | |
sp7 | A bone specific transcription factor required for osteoblast differentiation and scale formation and regeneration | Zebrafish carp Goldfish |