Table 1 Specimen and DNA sequence sources.

Mytilus edulis

AMNH 107223

L33448/AF120587/AY484747/AY070150

NA

Argopecten irradians

AMNH 107223

L11265/AY145391/HQ329396/HQ329247

NA

Pecten jacobaeus

AY070112/AY070125/AJ245394/AY070153

NA

Atrina rigida

AMNH 305138

HQ329323/HQ329438/HQ329397/HQ329248

Florida Keys, USA

Atrina seminuda

AMNH 305162

HQ329324/HQ329439/HQ329398/HQ329249

Florida Keys, USA

Pinna carnea

AMNH 305177

HQ329375/HQ329489/HQ329431/HQ329302

Florida Keys, USA

Pinna muricata

AJ389636/AB102754/NA/NA

NA

Ostrea edulis

L49052/Z29551/AF540597/AY070151

NA

Crassostrea virginica

AMNH 319315

X60315/AF137050/AY905542/HQ329250

NA

Crassostrea gigas

AB064942/Z29546/AF280611/NA

NA

Hyotissa hyotis

FMNH 302010

AJ389632/AF137036/AY548883/HQ329258

NA

Hyotissa numisma

AJ389633/AF137035/AY376598/NA

NA

Pinctada albina 1

AMNH 319311

HQ329358/HQ329472/HQ329415/HQ329286

Western Australia

Pinctada albina 2

AB214453/AB214468/AB214438/NA

The Amami Islands, Japan

Pinctada albina 3

AMNH 319342

HQ329370/HQ329484/HQ329426/HQ329297

Northern Territory, Australia

Pinctada capensis 1

NMP W3373a

HQ329359/HQ329473/HQ329416/HQ329287

South Africa

Pinctada capensis 2

NMP W3373b

HQ329360/HQ329474/HQ329417/HQ329288

South Africa

Pinctada capensis 3

NMP W3374

HQ329361/HQ329475/HQ329418/HQ329289

South Africa

Pinctada chemnitzii

AB214452/AB214467/AB214437/NA

Myanmar

Pinctada fucata 1

AB214463/AB214478/AB214448/NA

The Amami Islands, Japan

Pinctada fucata 2

AB214462/AB214477/AB214447/NA

Kamikoshiki island, Japan

Pinctada fucata 3

AB214461/AB214476/AB214446/NA

Hainan, China

Pinctada fucata 4

AB214460/AB214475/AB214445/NA

Cambodia

Pinctada fucata 5

AB214459/AB214474/AB214444/NA

Western Australia

Pinctada fucata 6

AB214458/AB214473/AB214443/NA

Myanmar

Pinctada fucata 7

AMNH 319310

HQ329362/HQ329476/HQ329419/NA

Japan [pearl farm]

Pinctada fucata 8

AMNH 319278

HQ329363/HQ329477/HQ329420/HQ329290

Chantaburi, Thailand

Pinctada fucata 9

AMNH 319222

HQ329373/HQ329487/HQ329429/HQ329300

Western Australia

Pinctada fucata 10

AB214464/AB102763/AB214449/NA

Anamizu, Japan

Pinctada imbricata 1

AMNH 319321

HQ329364/HQ329478/HQ329421/HQ329291

Guayacan, Venezuela

Pinctada imbricata 2

AMNH 305121

HQ329365/HQ329479/HQ329422/HQ329292

Florida Keys, USA

Pinctada imbricata 3

AB214456/AB214471/AB214441/NA

Florida Keys, USA

Pinctada imbricata 4

AMNH 308116

HQ329366/HQ329480/HQ329423/HQ329293

Florida Keys, USA

Pinctada longisquamosa 1

AMNH 298905

HQ329367/HQ329481/NA/HQ329294

Florida Keys, USA

Pinctada longisquamosa 2

AMNH 308234

HQ329368/HQ329482/HQ329424/HQ329295

Florida Keys, USA

Pinctada maculata

AB214455/AB214470/AB214440/NA

The Amami Islands, Japan

Pinctada margaritifera 1

AMNH 319369

HQ329369/HQ329483/HQ329425/HQ329296

Florida, USA

Pinctada margaritifera 2

AB214451/AB214466/AB214436/NA

Okinawa, Japan

Pinctada maxima

AB214450/AB214465/AB214435/NA

Philippines

Pinctada mazatlanica

AMNH 311790

HQ329371/HQ329485/HQ329427/HQ329298

Sonora, Mexico

Pinctada nigra 1

AMNH 319354

HQ329372/HQ329486/HQ329428/HQ329299

South Africa

Pinctada nigra 2

AB214454/AB214469/AB214439/NA

The Amami Islands, Japan

Pinctada nigra 3

AMNH 319334

HQ329374/HQ329488/HQ329430/HQ329301

Northern Territory, Australia

Pinctada radiata

AB214457/AB214472/AB214442/NA

NA

Pteria avicular 1

MNHN 42746

HQ329382/HQ329493/NA/HQ329306

Bohol Island, Philippines

Pteria avicular 2

AMNH 319350

HQ329388/HQ329498/HQ329434/HQ329311

Bay of Bengal, India

Pteria avicular 3

MNHN 42752

HQ329392/HQ329506/NA/HQ329319

Solomon Islands

Pteria avicular 4

MNHN 42749

HQ329389/HQ329503/NA/HQ329316

Bohol Island, Philippines

Pteria avicular 5

AMNH 319286a

HQ329376/HQ329490/NA/HQ329303

Chantaburi, Thailand

Pteria avicular 6

AMNH 319286b

HQ329377/HQ329491/NA/HQ329304

Chantaburi, Thailand

Pteria colymbus 1

AMNH 319352

HQ329384/HQ329494/HQ329432/HQ329307

Bahamas

Pteria colymbus 2

UMML 30.11787

HQ329385/HQ329495/NA/HQ329308

Caribbean Sea

Pteria hirundo

AMNH 319357

HQ329383/HQ329497/HQ329433/HQ329310

Mediterranean Sea, Italy

Pteria howensis 1

MNHN 42750

HQ329390/HQ329504/NA/HQ329317

Bohol Island, Philippines

Pteria howensis 2

MNHN 42751

HQ329391/HQ329505/NA/HQ329318

Bohol Island, Philippines

Pteria howensis 3

NMNZ M160878

HQ329393/HQ329507/NA/HQ329320

Norfolk Island, Australia

Pteria lata 1

AMNH 319337

HQ329379/HQ329499/HQ329435/HQ329312

Darwin Harbour, Australia

Pteria lata 2

AMNH 319286c

HQ329378/HQ329492/NA/HQ329305

Chantaburi, Thailand

Pteria loveni

MNHN 42747

HQ329380/HQ329500/HQ329436/HQ329313

Solomon Islands

Pteria penguin 1

MNHN 42748

HQ329381/HQ329501/NA/HQ329314

Panglao Island, Philippines

Pteria penguin 2

AMNH 319290

HQ329386/HQ329496/NA/HQ329309

Chantaburi, Thailand

Pteria sterna

AMNH 311731

HQ329394/HQ329508/NA/HQ329321

Guaymas, Mexico

Pterelectroma physoides

AMNH 319319

HQ329387/HQ329502/HQ329437/HQ329315

Raffles Bay, Australia

Electroma alacorvi 1

AMNH 292446

HQ329326/NA/HQ329400/HQ329252

Cocos-Keeling

Electroma alacorvi 2

MNHN 42753

HQ329328/HQ329442/HQ329401/HQ329254

Balicasag Island, Philippines

Electroma cf. alacorvi 1

AMNH 319220

NA/HQ329443/HQ329402 /HQ329255

Houtman Abrolhos, Australia

Electroma cf. alacorvi 2

AMNH 319219

HQ329329/HQ329444/HQ329403/HQ329256

Houtman Abrolhos, Australia

Electroma cf. alacorvi 3

AMNH 319221

HQ329330/HQ329445/HQ329404/HQ329257

Houtman Abrolhos, Australia

Electroma papilionacea

AMNH 319340

HQ329327/HQ329441/NA/HQ329253

Raffles Bay, Australia

Isognomon alatus

AMNH 305129

HQ329331/HQ329446/HQ329405/HQ329259

Florida Keys, USA

Isognomon bicolor

AMNH 307896

HQ329332/HQ329447/HQ329406/HQ329260

Florida Keys, USA

Isognomon californicum

CASIZ 112485

HQ329333/HQ329448/NA/HQ329261

Oahu, Hawaii

Isognomon ephippium

AMNH 319336

HQ329334/HQ329449/NA/HQ329262

Darwin Harbor, Australia

Isognomon cf. ephippium A1

AMNH 319294b

HQ329341/HQ329456/NA/HQ329269

Koh Nam Sao Island, Thailand

Isognomon cf. ephippium A2

AMNH 319292b

HQ329343/HQ329458/NA/HQ329271

Koh Nam Sao Island, Thailand

Isognomon cf. ephippium B

AMNH 319253

HQ329335/HQ329450/HQ329407/HQ329263

Kungkrabaen Bay, Thailand

Isognomon isognomum 1

AMNH 319283

HQ329336/HQ329451/NA/HQ329264

Chong Saba Island, Thailand

Isognomon isognomum 2

LACM 85-2

HQ329347/HQ329462/NA/HQ329275

Phuket, Thailand

Isognomon isognomum 3

MNHN 42754

HQ329339/HQ329454/NA/HQ329267

Panglao Island, Philippines

Isognomon isognomum 4

AMNH 319294a

HQ329340/HQ329455/NA/HQ329268

Koh Nam Sao Island, Thailand

Isognomon isognomum 5

AMNH 319292a

HQ329342/HQ329457/NA/HQ329270

Koh Nam Sao Island, Thailand

Isognomon isognomum 6

FMNH 311977

HQ329344/HQ329459/NA/HQ329272

Kungkrabaen Bay, Thailand

Isognomon isognomum 7

AMNH 319260

HQ329337/HQ329452/NA/HQ329265

Kungkrabaen Bay, Thailand

Isognomon radiatus

AMNH 305142

HQ329338/HQ329453/HQ329408/HQ329266

Florida Keys, USA

Isognomon spathulata

AMNH 319257

HQ329348/HQ329463/NA/HQ329276

Kungkrabaen Bay, Thailand

Isognomon sp. A1

AMNH 319230

HQ329345/HQ329460/NA/HQ329273

Houtman Abrolhos, Australia

Isognomon sp. A2

CASIZ 104281

HQ329346/HQ329461/HQ329409/HQ329274

Clipperton Island

Crenatula avicularis

USNM 795306

HQ329325/HQ329440/HQ329399/HQ329251

Noumea, New Caledonia

Malleus albus

AMNH 319271

HQ329350/HQ329464/NA/HQ329278

Kungkrabaen Bay, Thailand

Malleus cf. albus 1

AMNH 319298

HQ329349/NA/HQ329410/HQ329277

Rottnest Island, Australia

Malleus cf. albus 2

AMNH 319225

HQ329356/HQ329470/NA/HQ329284

Houtman Abrolhos, Australia

Malleus cf. albus 3

AMNH 319226

HQ329357/HQ329471/NA/HQ329285

Houtman Abrolhos, Australia

Malleus candeanus

AMNH FK-685

HQ329351/HQ329465/HQ329411/HQ329279

Florida Keys, USA

Malleus malleus

MNHN 42755

HQ329352/HQ329466/HQ329412/HQ329280

Bohol Island, Philippines

Malleus regula 1

AMNH 319335

HQ329353/HQ329467/HQ329413/HQ329281

Darwin Harbor, Australia

Malleus regula 2

AMNH 319339

HQ329354/HQ329468/HQ329414/HQ329282

Darwin Harbor, Australia

Malleus regula 3

MNHN 42756

HQ329355/HQ329469/NA/HQ329283

Panglao Island, Philippines

Vulsella vulsella

AMNH 319281

HQ329395/HQ329509/NA/HQ329322

Kungkrabaen Bay, Thailand

Vulsella cf. vulsella

AJ389642/AB102765/NA/NA

NA

Pulvinites exempla

NMNZ M150090

AJ414640/NA/NA/NA

East Cape, New Zealand