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  1. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins constitute an essential component of the vertebrate immune response, and are coded by the most polymorphic of the vertebrate genes. Here, we investigated sequenc...

    Authors: Katarzyna Kuduk, Wiesław Babik, Katarzyna Bojarska, Ewa B Śliwińska, Jonas Kindberg, Pierre Taberlet, Jon E Swenson and Jacek Radwan
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:197
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Species are considered the fundamental unit in many ecological and evolutionary analyses, yet accurate, complete, accessible taxonomic frameworks with which to identify them are often unavailable to researcher...

    Authors: Noah M Reid and Bryan C Carstens
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:196
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  3. Gene duplications are a molecular mechanism potentially mediating generation of functional novelty. However, the probabilities of maintenance and functional divergence of duplicated genes are shaped by selecti...

    Authors: Joan Ho-Huu, Joëlle Ronfort, Stéphane De Mita, Thomas Bataillon, Isabelle Hochu, Audrey Weber and Nathalie Chantret
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:195
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Comparative broad-scale phylogeographic studies of aquatic organisms provide insights on biotic responses to the paleohydrological dynamics associated with climatic oscillations. These insights can be used to ...

    Authors: Rui Faria, Steven Weiss and Paulo Alexandrino
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:194
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Calpains are Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteases that participate in a range of crucial cellular processes. Dysfunction of these enzymes may cause, for instance, life-threatening diseases in humans, the loss of sex...

    Authors: Sen Zhao, Zhe Liang, Viktor Demko, Robert Wilson, Wenche Johansen, Odd-Arne Olsen and Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:193
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Proteins evolve at disparate rates, as a result of the action of different types and strengths of evolutionary forces. An open question in evolutionary biology is what factors are responsible for this variabil...

    Authors: David Alvarez-Ponce
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:192
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) have been an important human resource for millennia, experiencing intensive human influence through habitat alterations, hunting and translocation of animals. In this study we investigat...

    Authors: Jørgen Rosvold, Knut H Røed, Anne Karin Hufthammer, Reidar Andersen and Hans K Stenøien
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:191
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Type II antifreeze protein (AFP) from the rainbow smelt, Osmerus mordax, is a calcium-dependent C-type lectin homolog, similar to the AFPs from herring and sea raven. While C-type lectins are ubiquitous, type II ...

    Authors: Laurie A Graham, Jieying Li, William S Davidson and Peter L Davies
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:190
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Osedax worms use a proliferative root system to extract nutrients from the bones of sunken vertebrate carcasses. The roots contain bacterial endosymbionts that contribute to the nutrition of these mouthless and g...

    Authors: Rahel M Salathé and Robert C Vrijenhoek
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:189
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. The cuticle is an important adaptive structure whose origin played a crucial role in the transition of plants from aqueous to terrestrial conditions. HvABCG31/Eibi1 is an ABCG transporter gene, involved in cuticl...

    Authors: Xiaoying Ma, Hanan Sela, Genlin Jiao, Chao Li, Aidong Wang, Mohammad Pourkheirandish, Dmitry Weiner, Shun Sakuma, Tamar Krugman, Eviatar Nevo, Takao Komatsuda, Abraham Korol and Guoxiong Chen
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:188
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Phenotypic plasticity, i.e. the capacity to change the phenotype in response to changes in the environment without alteration of the genotype, is important for coping with unstable environments. In spite of th...

    Authors: Magali Leroy, Thomas Mosser, Xavier Manière, Diana Fernández Alvarez and Ivan Matic
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:187
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. The large Glycoside Hydrolase family 5 (GH5) groups together a wide range of enzymes acting on β-linked oligo- and polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates from a large spectrum of organisms. The long and complex ...

    Authors: Henrik Aspeborg, Pedro M Coutinho, Yang Wang, Harry Brumer III and Bernard Henrissat
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:186
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. The observation that females mate multiply when males provide nothing but sperm - which sexual selection theory suggests is unlikely to be limiting - continues to puzzle evolutionary biologists. Here we test t...

    Authors: Miguel Barbosa, Sean R Connolly, Mizue Hisano, Maria Dornelas and Anne E Magurran
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:185
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. On the 4th September 2012 the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature announced an amendment to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature allowing for electronic publication of the scientif...

    Authors: Frank-T Krell
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:184
    Content type: Editorial Published on:

  15. Small nucleolar (sno)RNAs are required for posttranscriptional processing and modification of ribosomal, spliceosomal and messenger RNAs. Their presence in both eukaryotes and archaea indicates that snoRNAs ar...

    Authors: Marc P Hoeppner and Anthony M Poole
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:183
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. During evolution, plants and other organisms have developed a diversity of chemical defences, leading to the evolution of various groups of specialized metabolites selected for their endogenous biological func...

    Authors: Nina Rønsted, Matthew R E Symonds, Trine Birkholm, Søren Brøgger Christensen, Alan W Meerow, Marianne Molander, Per Mølgaard, Gitte Petersen, Nina Rasmussen, Johannes van Staden, Gary I Stafford and Anna K Jäger
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:182
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. The fern genus Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae) is among the most common and species rich fern genera in temperate forests in the northern hemisphere containing 225–300 species worldwide. The circumscription of Dryop...

    Authors: Li-Bing Zhang, Liang Zhang, Shi-Yong Dong, Emily B Sessa, Xin-Fen Gao and Atsushi Ebihara
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:180
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. In food-deceptive orchids of the genera Anacamptis, Neotinea and Orchis floral isolation has been shown to be weak, whereas late-acting reproductive barriers are mostly strong, often restricting hybridization to ...

    Authors: Hans Jacquemyn, Rein Brys, Olivier Honnay and Isabel Roldán-Ruiz
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:178
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. The New Zealand (NZ) cicada fauna contains two co-distributed lineages that independently colonized the isolated continental fragment in the Miocene. One extensively studied lineage includes 90% of the extant ...

    Authors: David C Marshall, Kathy B R Hill, Katharine A Marske, Colleen Chambers, Thomas R Buckley and Chris Simon
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:177
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Factors promoting diversification in lichen symbioses remain largely unexplored. While Pleistocene events have been important for driving diversification and affecting distributions in many groups, recent esti...

    Authors: Steven D Leavitt, Theodore L Esslinger, Pradeep K Divakar and H Thorsten Lumbsch
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:176
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Transitions in habitats and feeding behaviors were fundamental to the diversification of life on Earth. There is ongoing debate regarding the typical directionality of transitions between aquatic and terrestri...

    Authors: Eric G Chapman, Andrey A Przhiboro, James D Harwood, Benjamin A Foote and Walter R Hoeh
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:175
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. The Escherichia coli species contains a variety of commensal and pathogenic strains, and its intraspecific diversity is extraordinarily high. With the availability of an increasing number of E. coli strain genome...

    Authors: Yan Zhang and Kui Lin
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:174
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Changes in gene regulatory networks drive the evolution of phenotypic diversity both within and between species. Rewiring of transcriptional networks is achieved either by changes to transcription factor bindi...

    Authors: Alexander J Stewart, Robert M Seymour, Andrew Pomiankowski and Joshua B Plotkin
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:173
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Galeommatoidea is a superfamily of bivalves that exhibits remarkably diverse lifestyles. Many members of this group live attached to the body surface or inside the burrows of other marine invertebrates, includ...

    Authors: Ryutaro Goto, Atsushi Kawakita, Hiroshi Ishikawa, Yoichi Hamamura and Makoto Kato
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:172
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Estimates of relationships among Staphylococcus species have been hampered by poor and inconsistent resolution of phylogenies based largely on single gene analyses incorporating only a limited taxon sample. As su...

    Authors: Ryan P Lamers, Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan, Todd A Castoe, Sergio Tafur, Alexander M Cole and Christopher L Parkinson
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:171
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Geographic variation in the thermal environment impacts a broad range of biochemical and physiological processes and can be a major selective force leading to local population adaptation. In the intertidal cop...

    Authors: Sean D Schoville, Felipe S Barreto, Gary W Moy, Anastasia Wolff and Ronald S Burton
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:170
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Several studies in Drosophila have shown excessive movement of retrogenes from the X chromosome to autosomes, and that these genes are frequently expressed in the testis. This phenomenon has led to several hypoth...

    Authors: Maria D Vibranovski, Yong E Zhang, Claus Kemkemer, Nicholas W VanKuren, Hedibert F Lopes, Timothy L Karr and Manyuan Long
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:169
    Content type: Correspondence Published on:

  30. Remipedia, a group of homonomously segmented, cave-dwelling, eyeless arthropods have been regarded as basal crustaceans in most early morphological and taxonomic studies. However, molecular sequence informatio...

    Authors: Torben Stemme, Thomas M Iliffe, Gerd Bicker, Steffen Harzsch and Stefan Koenemann
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:168
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Atlantolacerta andreanskyi is an enigmatic lacertid lizard that, according to the most recent molecular analyses, belongs to the tribe Eremiadini, family Lacertidae. It is a mountain specialist, restricted to are...

    Authors: Mafalda Barata, Salvador Carranza and D James Harris
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:167
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Physarales represents the largest taxonomic order among the plasmodial slime molds (myxomycetes). Physarales is of particular interest since the two best-studied myxomycete species, Physarum polycephalum and Didy...

    Authors: Satish CR Nandipati, Kari Haugli, Dag H Coucheron, Edward F Haskins and Steinar D Johansen
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:166
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors and their homologs form a superfamily that plays essential roles in transcriptional networks of multiple developmental processes. bHLH family members hav...

    Authors: Ake Liu, Yong Wang, Chunwang Dang, Debao Zhang, Huifang Song, Qin Yao and Keping Chen
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:165
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Genetic divergence during speciation with gene flow is heterogeneous across the genome, with some regions exhibiting stronger differentiation than others. Exceptionally differentiated regions are often assumed...

    Authors: Patrik Nosil, Thomas L Parchman, Jeffrey L Feder and Zach Gompert
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:164
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Opsins are key proteins in animal photoreception. Together with a light-sensitive group, the chromophore, they form visual pigments which initiate the visual transduction cascade when photoactivated. The spect...

    Authors: Miriam J Henze, Kara Dannenhauer, Martin Kohler, Thomas Labhart and Matthias Gesemann
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:163
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Leanchoilia superlata is one of the best known arthropods from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia. Here we re-describe the morphology of L. superlata and discuss its possible autecology. The re...

    Authors: Joachim T Haug, Derek EG Briggs and Carolin Haug
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:162
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. If the geographical displacement of one species by another is accompanied by hybridization, mitochondrial DNA can introgress asymmetrically, from the outcompeted species into the invading species, over a large...

    Authors: Ben Wielstra and Jan W Arntzen
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:161
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. The amount of transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) in an organism’s genome positively correlates with the complexity of the regulatory network of the organism. However, the manner by which TFBS arise and ...

    Authors: Troy Ruths and Luay Nakhleh
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:159
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Indehiscent sporangia are reported for only a few of derived leptosporangiate ferns. Their evolution has been likely caused by conditions in which promotion of self-fertilization is an evolutionary advantageou...

    Authors: Li Wang, Harald Schneider, Zhiqiang Wu, Lijuan He, Xianchun Zhang and Qiaoping Xiang
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:158
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. The circumscription of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea is a matter of long ongoing debate. While the overall inclusiveness has now been mostly agreed on and 20 families recognised, the phylogenetic relationsh...

    Authors: Silke Fregin, Martin Haase, Urban Olsson and Per Alström
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:157
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. The discovery of giant viruses with genome and physical size comparable to cellular organisms, remnants of protein translation machinery and virus-specific parasites (virophages) have raised intriguing questio...

    Authors: Arshan Nasir, Kyung Mo Kim and Gustavo Caetano-Anolles
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:156
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Viruses are exceedingly diverse in their evolved strategies to manipulate hosts for viral replication. However, despite these differences, most virus populations will occasionally experience two commonly-encou...

    Authors: Paul E Turner, Robert C McBride, Siobain Duffy, Rebecca Montville, Li-San Wang, Yul W Yang, Sun Jin Lee and Junhyong Kim
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:153
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Population bottlenecks can lead to a loss of variation at disease resistance loci, which could have important consequences for the ability of populations to adapt to pathogen pressure. Alternatively, current o...

    Authors: Gesseca Gos, Tanja Slotte and Stephen I Wright
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:152
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Specialization for ecological niches is a balance of evolutionary adaptation and its accompanying tradeoffs. Here we focus on the Lenski Long-Term Evolution Experiment, which has maintained cultures of Escherichi...

    Authors: Nicholas Leiby, William R Harcombe and Christopher J Marx
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:151
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. The evolutionary relationships of closely related species have long been of interest to biologists since these species experienced different evolutionary processes in a relatively short period of time. Compari...

    Authors: Yi-Chiao Chan, Christian Roos, Miho Inoue-Murayama, Eiji Inoue, Chih-Chin Shih and Linda Vigilant
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:150
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Four of the five species of Telopea (Proteaceae) are distributed in a latitudinal replacement pattern on the south-eastern Australian mainland. In similar circumstances, a simple allopatric speciation model that ...

    Authors: Maurizio Rossetto, Chris B Allen, Katie AG Thurlby, Peter H Weston and Melita L Milner
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:149
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Bdelloid rotifers are microscopic animals that have apparently survived without sex for millions of years and are able to survive desiccation at all life stages through a process called anhydrobiosis. Both of ...

    Authors: Isobel Eyres, Eftychios Frangedakis, Diego Fontaneto, Elisabeth A Herniou, Chiara Boschetti, Adrian Carr, Gos Micklem, Alan Tunnacliffe and Timothy G Barraclough
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012 12:148
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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