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  2. Defining species units can be challenging, especially during the earliest stages of speciation, when phylogenetic inference and delimitation methods may be compromised by incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) or se...

    Authors: Jonas Eberle, Rachel C. M. Warnock and Dirk Ahrens
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:94
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Examining allelic variation of R-genes in closely related perennial species of Arabidopsis thaliana is critical to understanding how population structure and ecology interact with selection to shape the evolution...

    Authors: James Buckley, Elizabeth Kilbride, Volkan Cevik, Joana G. Vicente, Eric B. Holub and Barbara K. Mable
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:93
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Organisms have evolved a variety of defence mechanisms against natural enemies, which are typically used at the expense of other life history components. Induced defence mechanisms impose minor costs when path...

    Authors: Tsukushi Kamiya, Leonardo Oña, Bregje Wertheim and G. Sander van Doorn
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:92
    Content type: Research Article Published on:

  7. Sperm size and quality are key factors for fertilization success. There is increasing empirical evidence demonstrating that sperm form and function are influenced by selective pressures. Theoretical models pre...

    Authors: Dénes Schmera, Julia Pizá, Ellen Reinartz, Sylvain Ursenbacher and Bruno Baur
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:89
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. The domestic pig Sus scrofa domesticus originated from the wild boar S. scrofa about 10,000 years ago. During domestication, drastic morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes developed between domestic...

    Authors: Cencen Li, Xiao Wang, Huimin Cai, Yuhua Fu, Yu Luan, Wen Wang, Hui Xiang and Changchun Li
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:87
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. The impact of historical contingency, i.e. the past evolutionary history of a population, on further adaptation is mostly unknown at both the phenotypic and genomic levels. We addressed this question using a t...

    Authors: Jessica Plucain, Antonia Suau, Stéphane Cruveiller, Claudine Médigue, Dominique Schneider and Mickaël Le Gac
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:86
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Comparative mapping of 5S and 45S rDNA by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique is an excellent tool to determine cytogenetic relationships among closely related species.

    Authors: Kun-Peng Li, Yun-Xiang Wu, Hong Zhao, Yan Wang, Xing-Ming Lü, Ji-Ming Wang, Yong Xu, Zong-Yun Li and Yong-Hua Han
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:85
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. The respective role and relative importance of natural selection and gene flow in the process of population divergence has been a central theme in the speciation literature. A previous study presented conclusi...

    Authors: Qingxiang Han, Hiroyuki Higashi, Yuki Mitsui and Hiroaki Setoguchi
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:84
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Bone-devouring Osedax worms were described over a decade ago from deep-sea whale falls. The gutless females (and in one species also the males) have a unique root system that penetrates the bone and nourishes the...

    Authors: Katrine Worsaae, Nadezhda N. Rimskaya-Korsakova and Greg W. Rouse
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:83
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Gene duplication is a major source of new genes that is thought to play an important role in phenotypic innovation. Though several mechanisms have been hypothesized to drive the functional evolution and long-t...

    Authors: Brent R. Perry and Raquel Assis
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:82
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. The Indonesian island of Sulawesi has a complex geological history. It is composed of several landmasses that have arrived at a near modern configuration only in the past few million years. It is the largest i...

    Authors: Melissa T. R. Hawkins, Jennifer A. Leonard, Kristofer M. Helgen, Molly M. McDonough, Larry L. Rockwood and Jesus E. Maldonado
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:80
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Flowering time is a domestication trait of Glycine max and varies in soybeans, yet, a gene for flowering time variation has not been associated with soybean domestication. GIGANTEA (GI) is a major gene involved i...

    Authors: Yan Wang, Yongzhe Gu, Huihui Gao, Lijuan Qiu, Ruzhen Chang, Shouyi Chen and Chaoying He
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:79
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Ecological adaptation to host taxa is thought to result in mistletoe speciation via race formation. However, historical and ecological factors could also contribute to explain genetic structuring particularly ...

    Authors: Juan Francisco Ornelas, Etelvina Gándara, Antonio Acini Vásquez-Aguilar, Santiago Ramírez-Barahona, Andrés Ernesto Ortiz-Rodriguez, Clementina González, María Teresa Mejía Saules and Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:78
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Many species contain evolutionarily distinct groups that are genetically highly differentiated but morphologically difficult to distinguish (i.e., cryptic species). The presence of cryptic species poses signif...

    Authors: Marie Leys, Irene Keller, Katja Räsänen, Jean-Luc Gattolliat and Christopher T. Robinson
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:77
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Studying patterns of introgression can illuminate the role of hybridization in speciation, and help guide decisions relevant to the conservation of rare taxa. Vipera magnifica and Vipera orlovi are small vipers t...

    Authors: Oleksandr Zinenko, Michael Sovic, Ulrich Joger and H. Lisle Gibbs
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:76
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Brain-expressed proteins that have undergone functional change during human evolution may contribute to human cognitive capacities, and may also leave us vulnerable to specifically human diseases, such as schi...

    Authors: Guilherme Braga de Freitas, Rafaella Araújo Gonçalves and Matthias Gralle
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:75
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Hoplolaimina plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) are a lineage of animals with many documented cases of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). In a recent study, we reported on three likely HGT candidate genes in the soy...

    Authors: Jason B. Noon and Thomas J. Baum
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:74
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. The South China landmass has been characterized by a complex geological history, including mountain lifting, climate changes, and river capture/reversal events. To determine how this complexity has influenced ...

    Authors: Jin-Quan Yang, Kui-Ching Hsu, Zhi-Zhi Liu, Li-Wei Su, Po-Hsun Kuo, Wen-Qiao Tang, Zhuo-Cheng Zhou, Dong Liu, Bao-Long Bao and Hung-Du Lin
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:73
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Paleozoic scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) have been widely documented from the Carboniferous Period; which hosts a remarkable assemblage of more than sixty species including both putative stem- and crown-gro...

    Authors: Jason A. Dunlop, David A. Legg, Paul A. Selden, Victor Fet, Joerg W. Schneider and Ronny Rößler
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:72
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Mixed dispersal syndromes have historically been regarded as a bet-hedging mechanism that enhances survivorship in unpredictable environments, ensuring that some propagules stay in the maternal environment whi...

    Authors: Jorge Hidalgo, Rafael Rubio de Casas and Miguel Á.Muñoz
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:71
    Content type: Research Article Published on:

  25. Conjugative plasmids play an important role in bacterial evolution by transferring ecologically important genes within and between species. A key limit on interspecific horizontal gene transfer is plasmid host...

    Authors: Anastasia Kottara, James P. J. Hall, Ellie Harrison and Michael A. Brockhurst
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:70
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. The Planar Cell Polarity pathway (PCP) has been described as the main feature involved in patterning cell orientation in bilaterian tissues. Recently, a similar phenomenon was revealed in cnidarians, in which ...

    Authors: Quentin Schenkelaars, Laura Fierro-Constain, Emmanuelle Renard and Carole Borchiellini
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:69
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Inbreeding is often associated with a decrease in offspring fitness (‘inbreeding depression’). Moreover, it is generally assumed that the negative effects of inbreeding are exacerbated in stressful environment...

    Authors: Regina Vega-Trejo, Megan L. Head and Michael D. Jennions
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:68
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Oviraptorids, like many other dinosaurs, clearly had a complex pattern of skeletal growth involving numerous morphological changes. However, many ontogenetic skeletal changes in oviraptorids were previously un...

    Authors: Shuo Wang, Shukang Zhang, Corwin Sullivan and Xing Xu
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:67
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. The evolutionary origin and historical demography of extant Arcto-Tertiary forest species in East Asia is still poorly understood. Here, we reconstructed the evolutionary and population demographic history of ...

    Authors: Ya-Nan Cao, Hans Peter Comes, Shota Sakaguchi, Lu-Yao Chen and Ying-Xiong Qiu
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:66
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Evolutionary processes, including selection and differential fitness, shape the introgression of genetic material across a hybrid zone, resulting in the exchange of some genes but not others. Differential intr...

    Authors: Jennifer Walsh, W. Gregory Shriver, Brian J. Olsen and Adrienne I. Kovach
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:65
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Many vertebrate species use ultraviolet (UV) reception for such basic behaviors as foraging and mating, but many others switched to violet reception and improved their visual resolution. The respective phenoty...

    Authors: Shozo Yokoyama, Takashi Tada, Yang Liu, Davide Faggionato and Ahmet Altun
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:64
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Resolving the short phylogenetic branches that result from rapid evolutionary diversification often requires large numbers of loci. We collected targeted sequence capture data from 585 nuclear loci (541 ultrac...

    Authors: Adam D. Leaché, Barbara L. Banbury, Charles W. Linkem and Adrián Nieto-Montes de Oca
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:63
    Content type: Research Article Published on:

  33. The genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains five copies of the ESX gene cluster, each encoding a dedicated protein secretion system. These ESX secretion systems have been defined as a novel Type VII secreti...

    Authors: Mae Newton-Foot, Robin Mark Warren, Samantha Leigh Sampson, Paul David van Helden and Nicolaas Claudius Gey van Pittius
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:62
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Models that predict changes in the abundance and distribution of fauna under future climate change scenarios often assume that ecological niche and habitat availability are the major determinants of species’ r...

    Authors: Jane L. Younger, John van den Hoff, Barbara Wienecke, Mark Hindell and Karen J. Miller
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:61
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Sperm competition between rival ejaculates over the fertilization of ova typically selects for the production of large numbers of sperm. An obvious way to increase sperm production is to increase testis size, ...

    Authors: Athina Giannakara, Lukas Schärer and Steven A. Ramm
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:60
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Although most insect species are specialized on one or few groups of plants, there are phytophagous insects that seem to use virtually any kind of plant as food. Understanding the nature of this ability to fee...

    Authors: Maria de la Paz Celorio-Mancera, Christopher W. Wheat, Mikael Huss, Francesco Vezzi, Ramprasad Neethiraj, Johan Reimegård, Sören Nylin and Niklas Janz
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:59
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. The ParaHox genes play an integral role in the anterior-posterior (A-P) patterning of the nervous system and gut of most animals. The ParaHox cluster is an ideal system in which to study the evolution and regu...

    Authors: Myles G. Garstang, Peter W. Osborne and David E. K. Ferrier
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:57
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Knowledge of the historical distribution and postglacial phylogeography and evolution of a species is important to better understand its current distribution and population structure and potential fate in the ...

    Authors: John W. R. Zinck and Om P. Rajora
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:56
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Polystichum (Dryopteridaceae) is probably the third largest fern genus in the world and contains ca. 500 species. Species of Polystichum occur on all continents except Antarctica, but ...

    Authors: Timothée Le Péchon, Hai He, Liang Zhang, Xin-Mao Zhou, Xin-Fen Gao and Li-Bing Zhang
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:55
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. The editors of BMC Evolutionary Biology would like to thank all our reviewers who have contributed to the journal in Volume 15 (2015).

    Authors: Christopher Foote
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:54
    Content type: Reviewer acknowledgement Published on:

  42. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans and this infection can lead to gastric ulcers and gastric cancer. H. pylori is one of the most ...

    Authors: Kaisa Thorell, Shaghayegh Hosseini, Reyna Victoria Palacios Palacios Gonzáles, Chatchai Chaotham, David Y. Graham, Lawrence Paszat, Linda Rabeneck, Samuel B. Lundin, Intawat Nookaew and Åsa Sjöling
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:53
    Content type: Research Published on:

  44. Neuropeptides are key players in information transfer and act as important regulators of development, growth, metabolism, and reproduction within multi-cellular animal organisms (Metazoa). These short protein-...

    Authors: Christian Derst, Heinrich Dircksen, Karen Meusemann, Xin Zhou, Shanlin Liu and Reinhard Predel
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:51
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Darwin and the architects of the Modern Synthesis found sympatric speciation difficult to explain and suggested it is unlikely to occur. Increasingly, evidence over the past few decades suggest that sympatric ...

    Authors: Wayne M. Getz, Richard Salter, Dana Paige Seidel and Pim van Hooft
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:50
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Nuclear genes of euglenids contain two major types of introns: conventional spliceosomal and nonconventional introns. The latter are characterized by variable non-canonical borders, RNA secondary structure tha...

    Authors: Rafał Milanowski, Natalia Gumińska, Anna Karnkowska, Takao Ishikawa and Bożena Zakryś
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:49
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Research into various aspects of coral biology has greatly increased in recent years due to anthropogenic threats to coral health including pollution, ocean warming and acidification. However, knowledge of cor...

    Authors: Nami Okubo, David C. Hayward, Sylvain Forêt and Eldon E. Ball
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:48
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Low complexity regions (LCRs) are a ubiquitous feature in genomes and yet their evolutionary history and functional roles are unclear. Previous studies have shown contrasting evidence in favor of both neutral ...

    Authors: Fabia U. Battistuzzi, Kristan A. Schneider, Matthew K. Spencer, David Fisher, Sophia Chaudhry and Ananias A. Escalante
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:47
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. The hypothesis that circadian clocks confer adaptive advantage to organisms has been proposed based on its ubiquity across almost all levels of complexity and organization of life-forms. This thought has recei...

    Authors: K. L. Nikhil, Karatgi Ratna and Vijay Kumar Sharma
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:46
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Dosage balance has been described as an important process for the retention of duplicate genes after whole genome duplication events. However, dosage balance is only a temporary mechanism for duplicate gene re...

    Authors: Ashley I. Teufel, Liang Liu and David A. Liberles
    Citation: BMC Evolutionary Biology 2016 16:45
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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