Table 1 Earthworm activity (measured by toothpick index and surface casting activity) in response to light pollution (LP), plant species (PS), sowing depth (SD), their interactions, and the covariates initial worm weight, soil moisture, and humidity. Significance code for Pr (> ChiSq): *** <0.001, ** <0.01, * <0.05

Light pollution (LP)

1

< 2.200e^− 16***

1

1.410e^− 05***

Plant species (PS)

1

0.604

1

0.990

Sowing depth (SD)

1

0.919

1

0.060

LP x PS

1

0.037*

1

0.090

LP × SD

1

4.139e^− 04***

1

0.007**

PS × SD

1

0.227

1

0.318

LP × SD × PS

1

0.001**

1

0.755

Initial worm weight (g)

1

0.901

1

0.567

Soil moisture (%)

1

0.503

1

0.591

Air humidity (%)

1

0.009**

1

5.223e^− 05***

Air temperature (°C)

1

1.350e^− 11***

1

3.201e^− 08***