Fig. 5

Box-plot diagram of number of transitions between the winged and wingless state. Numbers were generated from performing 300 iterations of stochastic character mapping in phytools based on the binary wing dataset. The distribution of observed transitions events is displayed as box-plots of the 25–75th percentile, with the horizontal line representing the median and vertical lines representing the range (excluding potential outliers). For the ARD model, transition events from wingless to winged and vice versa, and the combined amount are shown. Under the IRR model disallowing wing regain, all transitions are unidirectional. The number of all transitions observed under ARD and IRR was compared using a paired t-test. ***p-value < 2.2e-16