Fig. 5

A Location, social form, and expected heterozygosity of the six regions spanning the sample sites. Pie charts show the proportion of monogyne, polygyne, and undetermined colonies in the population, with the pie chart size indicating sample size. Expected heterozygosity is shown below each pie chart. B A PCA without chromosome 3 data showing principal components 1 (PC1) and 2 (PC2) and their respective weights in parentheses. Clusters appear to be based on geographic location. Point shapes are determined by sample location; circle = Alberta, triangle = California, filled square = Idaho, cross = Northern British Columbia, open square = Southern British Columbia. C A scatter plot displaying isolation by distance (IBD). Each point represents a pairwise comparison between two colonies. The linear geographic distance between the two colonies (in meters) is on the x-axis, and Rousset’s [53] distance is on the y axis