Fig. 6From: Gall-forming aphids are protected (and benefit) from defoliating caterpillars: the role of plant-mediated mechanismsThe average of the means of Smynthurodes betae F1 and F2 gall densities on seven trees with defoliated and control shoots at Gamla. Data are presented for galls on the primary and secondary leaf flush separately. Differences in each gall type were tested with a paired t-test (*p < 0.01, see text for details)Back to article page