Fig. 5

Primary gain of the appendage results in a strong sexual dimorphism and increase in cell number, nest size, and cell density within the nest in males peaking in the 4th abdominal segment which produces the abdominal appendage. Neighboring segments also show enlarged histoblast nests despite lacking the appendage. Females, which lack the appendage, show no significant difference in cell number or nest size between segments. Refer to Table 3 for the number of individuals sampled for each species