Fig. 1

Effects of capture method on (a) post-capture and (b) stress-induced CORT concentrations of African male stonechats caught during different breeding stages. Males caught in a control situation with a baited trap had lower CORT concentrations than males caught during simulated territorial intrusions (STI) with playback and decoy. Although control and STI birds are presented separately during each breeding stage, we had not included a capture method*breeding stage interaction in the model because of low sample sizes for control birds during mating. Bars and error bars represent back-transformed posterior means and their 95% Bayesian credible intervals, open dots represent data points from individuals. Different populations were included as random intercepts in the models. Sample sizes are given inside bars