Are sexually selected traits affected by a poor environment early in life?

Vega-Trejo, Regina; Jennions, Michael D.; Head, Megan L.

doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0838-2

BMC Ecology and Evolution

Table 3 Results from mixed models with parameter estimates and chi square (χ ²) tests for food treatment, size, developmental time, and adult age

From: Are sexually selected traits affected by a poor environment early in life?

	Predictor	Estimate	SE	χ ²	P	∆R²
Gonopodium length [ln (mm)]
Control diet (N = 223)	Intercept	0.838	0.002	152650	<0.001
Restricted diet (N = 226)	Diet (restricted)	0.008	0.002	12.670	<0.001	0.047
	Size	0.041	0.002	410.140	<0.001	0.332
	Developmental time	0.003	0.002	2.553	0.110	0.032
	Diet × Size	−0.020	0.003	43.952	<0.001	0.032
	Diet × Developmental time	0.005	0.003	3.193	0.074	0.002
Number of sperm at day 0 (total count ×10⁵)
	Intercept	197.389	8.502	538.991	<0.001
Control diet (N = 225)	Diet (restricted)	−10.103	8.904	1.2875	0.257	0.036
Restricted diet (N = 227)	Size	25.761	6.978	13.627	<0.001	0.040
	Adult age	−19.425	10.606	3.3546	0.067	0.033
	Developmental time	−26.608	10.768	6.1057	0.013	0.009
	Diet × Size	0.517	11.465	0.002	0.964	<0.001
	Diet × Adult age	53.202	13.371	15.831	<0.001	0.028
	Diet × Developmental time	22.339	14.83	2.269	0.132	0.004
Number of sperm at day 1 (total count ×10⁵)
	Intercept	62.4092	3.1771	385.8565	<0.001
Control diet (N = 225)	Diet (restricted)	−10.9804	3.8738	8.0347	0.005	0.023
Restricted diet (N = 227)	Size	12.9494	3.0323	18.237	<0.001	0.057
	Adult age	−5.3597	4.568	1.3767	0.241	0.012
	Developmental time	−21.5316	4.8045	20.0842	<0.001	0.045
	Diet × Size	0.8841	5.3062	0.0278	0.868	<0.001
	Diet × Adult age	14.6051	5.8465	6.2404	0.012	0.01
	Diet × Developmental time	9.4495	6.6831	1.9992	0.157	0.003
Proportion of sperm replenished
Control diet (N = 225)	Intercept	219.386	9.188	570.1931	<0.001
Restricted diet (N = 227)	Diet (restricted)	−30.524	12.415	6.0454	0.014	0.013
	Size	22.047	9.611	5.2624	0.022	0.02
	Adult age	−4.278	14.272	0.0898	0.764	<0.001
	Developmental time	−55.801	15.094	13.6668	<0.001	0.047
	Diet × Size	6.203	16.712	0.1378	0.711	<0.001
	Diet × Adult age	8.97	18.707	0.23	0.632	<0.001
	Diet × Developmental time	9.292	21.251	0.1912	0.662	<0.001
Sperm velocity (VAP, μm/s)
Control diet (N = 207)	Intercept	85.578	1.261	4603.423	<0.001
Restricted diet (N = 186)	Diet (restricted)	−4.569	1.652	7.650	0.006	0.034
	Size	−0.308	1.312	0.055	0.814	<0.001
	Adult age	−8.066	1.932	17.426	<0.001	0.062
	Developmental time	−0.293	1.999	0.022	0.883	0.007
	Diet × Size	1.552	2.334	0.442	0.506	<0.001
	Diet × Adult age	2.552	2.529	1.018	0.313	0.003
	Diet × Developmental time	−3.568	2.909	1.505	0.220	0.003

P-values in bold indicate significant values. Covariates were standardised within food treatment. The sample sizes for control and restricted diets are given for each response variable. ∆R² shows the change in marginal R² when each fixed effect is dropped from the model

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