BMC Ecology and Evolution

Table 4 Rates of nucleotide substitutions for pairs of violet and UV opsin genes that are evaluated by comparing to those of distantly related third opsin genes

From: A simple method for studying the molecular mechanisms of ultraviolet and violet reception in vertebrates

Visual pigment^a				Evolutionary rate (10⁻⁹)
Violet pigment	UV pigment	Third pigment	No. of codons^b	Violet opsin gene	UV opsin gene
Scabbardfish-423	Tilapia-360	Goldfish-359	300	1.53 ± 0.13	1.42 ± 0.13
			16	3.54 ± 1.00	2.22 ± 0.73
Frog-423	Salamander-356	Zebra finch-359	300	0.76 ± 0.06^**	0.40 ± 0.04^**
			16	2.10 ± 0.55^**	0.47 ± 0.19^**
Chicken-415	Chameleon-359	Mouse-359	300	0.45 ± 0.05^**	0.24 ± 0.03^**
			16	1.30 ± 0.38^*	0.29 ± 0.15^*
zebra finch-359^c	Chameleon-359	Mouse-359	300	0.30 ± 0.04	0.20 ± 0.03
			16	2.49 ± 0.65^**	0 ± 0^**
Human-414	Mouse-359	Mouse-419	300	0.57 ± 0.08	0.77 ± 0.10
			16	2.26 ± 0.78^*	0.23 ± 0.22^*
Bovine-438	Mouse-359	Elephant-419	300	0.70 ± 0.09	0.78 ± 0.10
			16	1.37 ± 0.58	0.84 ± 0.44
Squirrel-440	Mouse-359	Elephant-419	300	0.59 ± 0.09	0.65 ± 0.09
			16	0.70 ± 0.40	0.95 ± 0.47
Elephant-419	Mouse-359	Dunnart-363	300	0.52 ± 0.08	0.71 ± 0.09
			16	0.65 ± 0.37	0.65 ± 0.37
Wallaby-420	Dunnart-363	Mouse-359	300	0.78 ± 0.12	0.91 ± 0.13
			16	1.14 ± 0.64	0.67 ± 0.48
Average			300	0.69 ± 0.12	0.68 ± 0.13
Average			16	1.73 ± 0.32^**	0.70 ± 0.22^**

^aThe divergence times between scabbardfish and tilapia, between frog and salamander, between chicken and zebra finch, between human and mouse, between bovine and mouse, between squirrel and mouse, between elephant and mouse and between wallaby and dunnart are taken as 114, 298, 102, 98, 98. 98, 105 and 62 MY ago, respectively (www.timetree.org)
^bSince F86 is missing from scabbarfish-423, 16 critical codon sites have been considered
^cZebra finch-359 is listed under violet pigment because it went through the transition of UV pigment → violet pigment → UV pigment during evolution [1]
* P < 0.05
** P < 0.01

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