Fig. 4

a beast-derived chronogram of Ranunculales based on cpDNA (rbcL, matK) + 26S nrDNA sequences with calibration points denoted by nodes 1–4 (see text and Table 2 for details); and b the crown age of Euptelea and its phylogroups based on cpDNA (psbA-trnH, rpoB-trnC, rpL16, petN-trnC, matK, rbcL) sequences. Blue bars on each node indicate 95 % highest posterior density (HPD) confidence intervals for time estimates (in million yr ago, Ma). Posterior probabilities (PP > 0.5) are shown above nodes. Mean divergence times and 95 % HPDs are summarized in Table 2. Chlorotypes are represented by letter codes (H1–35). Codes of subclades (phylogroups) are identified in Fig. 1