Fig. 5

Examples of simulation results for relaxed biological species using selected parameters. The x-axis shows the number of sympatric speciation events, the y-axis shows the median number of completely sympatric species (column a), the median number of allopatric species (column b) and the median bimodality (column c). The dotted purple lines show the values observed for heliconiines. Simulations were run using medium-sized starting ranges (the size of the ancestral ranges relative to the total area available =16 %), while varying the rate of range movements and the tendency of ranges to grow following speciation. The geographic configuration of the allopatric range (vicariant, parapatric or peripatric) is shown in the key. Simulations results that were not significantly different from the observed values are indicated with bold symbols