Table 5 Results of pairwise MANOVAs for first lumbar vertebra on PCs 1 through 5, which collectively represent 92.0% of the total shape variance

Healthy humans

λ 0.781 F = 2.744 p = 0.029*

λ 0.409 F = 11.854 p < 0.0001*

λ 0.723 F = 4.513 p = 0.002*

Chimpanzees

λ 0.892 F = 1.113 p = 0.367

λ 0.640 F = 4.277 p = 0.003*

Orangutans

λ 0.445 F = 6.985 p < 0.0001*