Table 1 Comparisons of sister-species pairs from some major clades of birds. Sister-species pairs, probability of chance reciprocal phylogeny (p), and reference for phylogenetic relationship (r).

Acridotheres tristis

A. ginginianus

4.7 × 10^-6

[52]

Melospiza lincolnii

M. georgiana

9.7 × 10^-5

[53]

Actitis hypoleucos

A. macularius

2.3 × 10^-4

[47]

Mitu tuberosum

M. salvini

5.0 × 10^-2

[54]

Aethia cristatella

A. psittacula

4.1 × 10^-3

[48]

Molothrus bonariensis

M. aeneus

6.1 × 10^-4

[55]

Aethia pygmaea

A. cristatella

4.1 × 10^-3

[48]

Morus capensis

M. serrator

5.1 × 10^-3

[56]

Aethia pygmaea

A. psittacula

4.1 × 10^-3

[48]

Numenius phaeopus

N. tahitiensis

8.8 × 10^-4

a

Aptenodytes forsteri

A. patagonicus

5.1 × 10^-3

[49]

Passerina ciris

P. versicolor

5.0 × 10^-2

[57]

Apteryx haastii

A. owenii

2.0 × 10^-2

[50]

Phalaropus fulicarius

P. lobatus

3.1 × 10^-5

a

Apteryx mantelli

A. rowi

4.2 × 10^-4

[50]

Pheucticus melanocephalus

P. ludovicianus

1.9 × 10^-3

[58]

Archilochus colubris

A. alexandri

5.1 × 10^-3

[59, 60]

Picoides nuttallii

P. scalaris

2.7 × 10^-2

[61]

Brachyramphus brevirostris

B. marmoratus

7.6 × 10^-5

[48]

Puffinus bulleri

P. pacificus

2.0 × 10^-4

[62]

Bubo virginianus

B. scandiacus

1.0 × 10^-5

[63]

Pygoscelis antarcticus

P. papua

1.4 × 10^-5

[49]

Bucephala clangula

B. islandica

5.1 × 10^-5

[64]

Recurvirostra americana

R. andina

6.9 × 10^-3

[65]

Calamospiza melanocorys

Chondestes grammacus

1.6 × 10^-2

[53]

Rhea pennata

R. americana

9.5 × 10^-3

[66]

Calcarius pictus

C. ornatus

6.9 × 10^-3

[67]

Rissa brevirostris

R. tridactyla

2.8 × 20^-3

[48]

Tringa semipalmata

T. flavipes

2.2 × 10^-5

[47]

Spheniscus demersus

S. magellanicus

9.5 × 10^-3

[49]

Centrocercus minimus

C. urophasianus

1.6 × 10^-2

[68]

Sialia currucoides

S. mexicana

2.3 × 10^-4

[69]

Chlidonias leucopterus

C. niger

1.6 × 10^-2

[46]

Sialia sialis

S. mexicana

4.5 × 10^-5

[69]

Cyanocitta cristata

C. stelleri

5.1 × 10^-5

[70]

Spizella breweri

S. passerina

1.2 × 10^-6

[53]

Dendragapus fuliginosus

D. obscurus

5.0 × 10^-2

[71]

Spizella pallida

S. breweri

7.7 × 10^-5

[53]

Eudyptes pachyrhynchus

E. robustus

2.7 × 10^-2

[49]

Stercorarius parasiticus

S. longicaudus

6.4 × 10^-6

[72]

Euphagus carolinus

E. cyanocephalus

1.9 × 10^-3

[73]

Hydroprogne caspia

Gelochelidonnilotica

6.4 × 10^-6

[46]

Fratercula arctica

F. corniculata

6.1 × 10^-4

[48]

Thalasseus sandvicensis

T. elegans

5.1 × 10^-5

[46]

Cerorhinca monocerata

Fratercula cirrhata

3.0 × 10^-3

[48]

Sternula antillarum

S. superciliaris

9.5 × 10^-3

[46]

Tringa brevipes

T. incana

2.0 × 10^-2

[47]

Sturnella neglecta

S. magna

2.3 × 10^-4

[55]

Himantopus himantopus

Hi. leucocephalus

3.0 × 10^-3

[65]

Sturnia malabarica

Temenuchus pagodarum

1.0 × 10^-2

[52]

Himantopus melanurus

Hi. mexicanus

9.5 × 10^-3

[65]

Synthliboramphus antiquus

S. wumizusume

2.7 × 10^-2

[48]

Icterus galbula

I. bullockii

4.3 × 10^-4

[74]

Toxostoma rufum

T. curvirostre

1.0 × 10^-2

[52]

Jacana spinosa

J. jacana

5.0 × 10^-2

[75]

Tringa glareola

T. totanus

2.2 × 10^-5

[47]

Lagopus muta

L. lagopus

1.2 × 10^-6

[76]

Tringa melanoleuca

T. nebularia

2.3 × 10^-4

[47]

Limnodromus griseus

L. scolopaceus

1.9 × 10^-3

[77]

Uria aalge

U. lomvia

2.3 × 10^-4

[48]