How populations differentiate despite gene flow: sexual and natural selection drive phenotypic divergence within a land fish, the Pacific leaping blenny

Morgans, Courtney L; Cooke, Georgina M; Ord, Terry J

doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-97

Table 4 Predictors of (A) male and (B) female population differentiation in three representative phenotypic characteristics

From: How populations differentiate despite gene flow: sexual and natural selection drive phenotypic divergence within a land fish, the Pacific leaping blenny

				Selection effect size
Model	AIC_c	∆AIC	AIC_w	r _sexual	r _natural
A. Males
Body size*
N_{individuals, populations} = 171, 5
Predator strikes	−209.81	.00	.32	nil	.11
Sex ratio	−209.37	.44	.26	.04	nil
Sex ratio + predator strikes	−209.28	.53	.25	-.18	-.01
Null	−207.59	2.22	.11
Intrasexual density + predator strikes	−205.08	4.73	.03
Total density + predator strikes	−203.55	6.26	.01
Intrasexual density	−202.40	7.40	.01
Sex ratio + flight distance	−201.89	7.92	.01
Flight distance	−201.48	8.33	.01
Total density	−199.04	10.77	.00
Intrasexual density + flight distance	−196.36	13.44	.00
Total density + flight distance	−193.28	16.52	.00
Head crest, allometric exponent
N_populations = 5
Sex ratio	−1.65	.00	.93	.96	nil
Null	4.31	5.96	.05
Intrasexual density	6.47	8.13	.02
Total density	10.86	12.51	.00
Head crest, allometric elevation
N_populations = 5
Null	-.45	.00	.89	Nil	nil
Total density	5.38	5.83	.05
Intrasexual density	6.16	6.61	.03
Sex ratio	6.20	6.65	.03
Dorsal fin "reddness"*
N_{individuals, populations} = 94, 5
Predator strikes	−165.82	.00	.44	nil	-.10
Null	−165.47	.35	.37	nil	nil
Sex ratio + predator strikes	−161.80	4.03	.06
Intrasexual density + predator strikes	−161.58	4.24	.05
Sex ratio	−160.90	4.92	.04
Intrasexual density	−159.00	6.82	.01
Flight distance	−158.19	7.63	.01
Total density + predator strikes	−156.49	9.33	.00
Total density	−156.04	9.79	.00
Sex ratio + flight distance	−153.91	11.91	.00
Intrasexual density + flight distance	−151.88	13.94	.00
Total density + flight distance	−149.13	16.69	.00
Dorsal fin "reddness", without Talofofo*
N_{individuals, populations} = 84, 4
Predator strikes	−151.15	.00	.65	nil	-.32
Null	−148.08	3.07	.14
Sex ratio + predator strikes	−146.73	4.42	.07
Intrasexual density + predator strikes	−145.95	5.20	.05
Sex ratio	−145.66	5.50	.04
Intrasexual density	−145.62	5.54	.04
Total density + predator strikes	−140.60	10.55	.00
Flight distance	−140.52	10.63	.00
Total density	−138.90	12.25	.00
Sex ratio + flight distance	−137.59	13.56	.00
Intrasexual density + flight distance	−137.36	13.79	.00
Total density + flight distance	−132.15	19.01	.00
B. Females
Body size*
N_{individuals, populations} = 185, 5
Predator strikes	−225.21	.00	.46	nil	.03
Null	−223.87	1.34	.23	nil	nil
Flight distance	−221.91	3.30	.09
Sex ratio + predator strikes	−221.01	4.20	.06
Intrasexual density + predator strikes	−220.98	4.23	.06
Sex ratio	−220.44	4.77	.04
Total density + predator strikes	−220.40	4.81	.04
Intrasexual density	−218.67	6.54	.02
Total density	−216.11	9.10	.00
Sex ratio + flight distance	−214.02	11.20	.00
Intrasexual density + flight distance	−212.45	12.76	.00
Total density + flight distance	−210.37	14.84	.00
Dorsal fin "reddness"*
N_{individuals, populations} = 97, 5
Null	−110.51	.00	.37	nil	nil
Predator strikes	−110.29	.22	.33	nil	.05
Sex ratio	−108.97	1.55	.17	.28	nil
Sex ratio + predator strikes	−107.59	2.92	.09
Flight distance	−103.88	6.64	.01
Intrasexual density + predator strikes	−102.68	7.84	.01
Intrasexual density	−102.61	7.91	.01
Sex ratio + flight distance	−102.18	8.34	.01
Total density + predator strikes	−101.29	9.23	.00
Total density	−100.87	9.64	.00
Intrasexual density + flight distance	−95.81	14.71	.00
Total density + flight distance	−94.04	16.47	.00
Dorsal fin "reddness", without Talofofo*
N_{individuals, populations} = 87, 4
Null	−97.38	.00	.56	nil	nil
Predator strikes	−96.32	1.06	.33	nil	-.01
Sex ratio	−92.40	4.98	.05
Sex ratio + predator strikes	−91.15	6.23	.02
Flight distance	−90.51	6.87	.02
Intrasexual density	−89.42	7.96	.01
Intrasexual density + predator strikes	−88.33	9.05	.01
Total density	−87.37	10.01	.00
Total density + predator strikes	−86.74	10.64	.00
Sex ratio + flight distance	−85.54	11.84	.00
Intrasexual density + flight distance	−83.78	13.61	.00
Total density + flight distance	−80.59	16.80	.00

Model support was evaluated using Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC_c). Effect sizes indicating the magnitude and direction of effects are reported for models receiving the most support (ΔAIC ≤ 2.0) and shown graphically in Figure 3. Models that included a random effect for population are highlighted with an asterisk.

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