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Table 5 Genetic and environmental correlations between litter size and birth size traits (standard error)

From: Can number and size of offspring increase simultaneously? - a central life-history trade-off reconsidered

 

Birth mass

χ 2

Birth head width

χ 2

Genetic correlations

    

LS direct - BS direct

0.54 (0.23)*

5.00

0.47 (0.26)*

3.34

LS direct - BS maternal

-0.30 (0.23)

1.20

-0.47 (0.38)

0.30

BS direct - BS maternal

0.04 (0.32)

0.00

0.34 (0.76)

1.26

Environmental correlations

    

Permanent environmental

-0.35 (0.17)*

3.00

-0.44 (0.17)*

4.32

LS residual - BS litter

-0.67 (0.02)***

635.40

-0.52 (0.02)***

345.22

  1. LS litter size; BS birth size (mass or head width)
  2. Statistical significance: * P < 0.1; **P < 0.01;***P < 0.001
  3. χ2 Chi square test statistic for loglikelihood-ratio test of the covariance