Figure 4

Cooperative binding accelerates adaptation. Cooperative binding accelerates adaptation under positive selection. The ratio of waiting times before the arrival of novel adaptive binding sites for populations without ($t_r^{\ast }$) and with (t _r ) cooperative binding. Provided Ns > 1, cooperative binding reduces the adaptation time up to 10-fold, compared to populations that lack cooperative binding. The line shows our analytic expression, and points show the result of 10⁵replicate Monte-Carlo simulations. Parameter values u _l =2×10⁻⁷, u _g =10⁻⁷, K₁ + K₂=100, h=10⁻¹, t=10⁻⁴, N=10⁴, u _r =10⁻⁷.