Fig. 9

Detachment forces for the twelve exemplary species of phylliids on different substrate surface chemistry. Colours visualise different pinnae types (see Fig. 2). Detachment forces on hydrophilic substrates are plotted left (opaque), on hydrophobic substrates right (transparent) for each species. Boxplots represent the initial detachment forces’ median (horizontal line), 25 and 75 percentiles (upper and lower border of the box) and 10 and 90 percentiles (whiskers). Letters indicate statistical similarity for hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates separately (Kruskal–Wallis One Way ANOVA on ranks, P < 0.001; Tukey’s post hoc tests, P < 0.05; N = 15 for every Box). Asterisks indicate statistical differences between different substrate chemistries for a single species (*P < 0.05)