A centenary tale: population genetic insights into the introduction history of the oriental fire-bellied toad (Bombina orientalis) in Beijing

Table 1 Summary of Bombina orientalis genetic diversity parameters estimated using the mtDNA and microsatellite loci of different populations

Population	N	mtDNA				N_A	Microsatellites
Population	N	n	h (SD)	π (SD)	Unique Haplotypes	N_A	N_PA	N_a	A_R	A_P	H_O	H_E	F_IS
All Beijing	150	2	0.433 (0.029)	0.0014 (0.0000)	1	72	8	6.0	4.07	1.13	0.521	0.581	0.104
ZWY	49	2	0.499 (0.048)	0.0015 (0.0000)	0	64	1	5.3	4.19	0.17	0.550	0.602	0.087
XSP	51	2	0.500 (0.023)	0.0016 (0.0000)	0	56	0	4.7	3.88	0.08	0.534	0.550	0.031
BWS	22	2	0.506 (0.050)	0.0017 (0.0000)	0	47	0	3.9	3.40	0.04	0.509	0.483	–0.055
YTS	15	1	0.000 (0.000)	0.0000 (0.0000)	0	34	0	2.8	2.72	0.07	0.433	0.416	–0.043
BDC	13	1	0.000 (0.000)	0.0000 (0.0000)	0	40	1	3.3	3.26	0.12	0.468	0.459	–0.022
Yantai	89	38	0.967 (0.007)	0.0029 (0.0000)	37	207	88	17.3	9.21	3.87	0.700	0.795	0.120
Qingdao	22	10	0.905 (0.035)	0.0031 (0.0000)	10	116	21	9.7	7.75	3.04	0.668	0.778	0.145

For mtDNA (combined sequences of the Cytb and D-loop region; ~ 1830 bp) data: N, sample size; n, number of haplotypes; h, haplotype diversity; π, nucleotide diversity; SD, standard deviation. For microsatellite data: N_A, the total number of alleles; N_PA, the number of private alleles; N_a, mean number of alleles per locus; A_R, allelic richness; A_P, private allelic richness; H_O, observed heterozygosity; H_E, expected heterozygosity; F_IS, inbreeding coefficient. Unique haplotypes and private allele parameters were first assessed for three local populations (i.e., all Beijing, Yantai, and Qingdao), followed by the assessment of Yantai, Qingdao, and each of the Beijing sites separately (i.e., seven populations). ZWY, Zhiwuyuan; XSP, Xiangshan Park; BWS, Baiwangshan; YTS, Yangtaishan; BDC, Badachu

ISSN: 2730-7182