Sustained population decline of rodents is linked to accelerated climate warming and human disturbance

Table 1 Associations of rodent abundance with the intrinsic factor (rodent abundance of last year), human disturbance factor (annual GDP), climate factors (annual mean temperature, annual precipitation), habitat, and spatial autocorrelation based on analyses using Eq. (1)

Family	Species/groups	Number of time series	Rodent abundance of last year	Annual GDP	Annual mean temperature	Annual Precipitation	Habitat	Spatial auto correlation
	Pooled populations	115	0.62***	− 0.07***	− 0.03^#	0.03*^#	+	+
	Mixed populations	35	0.69***		− 0.07**^#
Muridae	Rattus norvegicus	13	0.48***	− 0.12*	− 0.1*		+
	Apodemus agrarius	12	0.48***	− 0.15**	− 0.14**^#	0.09^#	+
	Mus musculus	6	0.25**	− 0.25**		0.14	+	+
	Rattus tanezumi	6	0.64***		− 0.11
	Meriones unguiculatus	5	0.54***	− 0.18*			NA	NA
	Rattus losea	2	0.43**	− 0.61***			NA	NA
	Rhombomys opimus	1					NA	NA
	Niviventer confucianus	1		− 0.25			NA	NA
	Apodemus peninsulae	1			− 0.39*^#		NA	NA
	Rattus nitidus	1	0.35	− 0.4*			NA	NA
	Bandicota indica	1	0.82***				NA	NA
Sciuridae	Spermophilus dauricus	10	0.55***			0.1^#
	Spermophilus alashanicus	8	0.82***		0.16**^#		NA	NA
	Marmota sibirica	1	0.36*		− 0.27^#		NA	NA
Cricetidae	Cricetulus barabensis	5	0.27***			0.19**^#	+
	Tscherskia triton	4	0.5***	− 0.28**			NA	NA
	Phodopus sungorus	1					NA	NA
Dipodidae	Allactaga sibirica	2	0.49***			− 0.24	NA	NA

Bold values indicated the coefficients represent the significant effects (p < 0.05). + denotes the significant effects of habitat and spatial autocorrelation (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). ^# denotes 1-yr delayed effected of climate factors. NA denotes not analyzed due to small number of locations

ISSN: 2730-7182