Fig. 4

First four modular architectures (I to IV) tested in this paper. See Table 2 for more details. In the face-neurocranium two-module architecture (e.g., Drake and Klingenberg [34]; I): red—face/rostrum; blue—neurocranium and posterior part of the zygomatic arch. In the three-module architecture (Hallgrímsson et al. [30]; II): dark grey—rostrum; red—vault and sphenoid; green basicranium. In the five-module with unintegrated oro-nasal (adapted from Goswami [31]; III): white—unintegrated; red—molar/molar-palate module; green—orbit; blue—zygomatic-pterygoid; purple—cranial vault; yellow—basicranium. In therian six-module (Goswami [31]; IV): dark grey—oro-nasal; remaining colors as in architecture III