Fig. 3

Priority area map of potential pecky rice damage in agricultural fields with a grid layer of 300-m hexagons. (1) Maesawa region, Oshu city, (2) Otomo region, Rikuzen-Takata city, and (3) Semine region, Kurihara city. Gray, black, and dotted areas represent forest, open water, and other land uses, respectively. Shapes in the figure indicate the studied rice paddy fields in each research year (see also Fig. 4). Squares indicate regions examined. Predicted values in hexagons were calculated using the land-use data in 2013 of Maesawa, 2018 of Otomo, and 2016 of Semine region. The model prediction of the map does not contain any region- and year-specific effects