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Table 4 The effects of body size and shape on various aerodynamic variables, as predicted by the CFD models

From: Multi-modal locomotor costs favor smaller males in a sexually dimorphic leaf-mimicking insect

Response variable

Explanatory variables

\(\upbeta \pm \mathrm{SE}\)

F

df1

df2

p

Lift to drag ratio (L/D)

Body length

0.001 ± 0.0007

2.72

1

22

0.11

Body aspect ratio

− 0.02 ± 0.001

221.7

1

22

< 0.001

Drag coefficient (CD)

Body length

− 0.001 ± 0.0008

2.42

1

22

0.13

Body aspect ratio

0.015 ± 0.001

103.1

1

22

< 0.001

Lift coefficient (CL)

Body length

0.001 ± 0.001

0.60

1

22

0.45

Body aspect ratio

− 0.02 ± 0.002

68.3

1

22

< 0.001

Relative drag

log10 (body length)

− 0.499 ± 0.049

103.0

1

22

< 0.001

log10 (body aspect ratio)

− 1.058 ± 0.092

131.5

1

22

< 0.001

Relative lift

log10 (body length)

− 0.295 ± 0.055

28.6

1

22

< 0.001

log10 (body aspect ratio)

− 1.245 ± 0.104

144.6

1

22

< 0.001

  1. Results of type I ANOVA from linear models contrasting the effects of body length and body aspect ratio on various aerodynamic variables (Fig. 6). Significant effects (i.e., p < 0.05) are bolded