Skip to main content

Table 2 Scaling relationships between body size and attachment structures and forces

From: Multi-modal locomotor costs favor smaller males in a sexually dimorphic leaf-mimicking insect

Response variable (log10 transformed)

Explanatory variables

F

df1

df2

p

Isometric slope

Slope β [95% CI]

Pad morphology

 Arolium area (mm2)

log10 (body length)

3460

1

36

< 0.001

2

Males: 0.15 [− 0.07, 0.37]

Females: 0.81 [0.63, 0.99]

Sex

245.2

1

36

< 0.001

Interaction

19.0

1

36

< 0.001

 Euplantula area (mm2)

log10 (body length)

225.6

1

36

< 0.001

2

Males: 2.86 [1.87, 3.86]

Females: 1.88 [1.00, 2.77]

Sex

0.42

1

36

0.52

Interaction

1.81

1

36

0.19

 Combined pad area (mm2)

log10 (body length)

483.0

1

36

< 0.001

2

Males: 1.65 [1.01, 2.28]

Females: 1.46 [0.90, 2.02]

Sex

2.41

1

36

0.13

Interaction

0.17

1

36

0.68

Attachment forces

 Adhesion forces (mN)

log10 (body length)

444.4

1

36

< 0.001

2

Males: 3.22 [1.93, 4.51]

Females: 0.58 [− 0.03, 1.18]

Sex

24.3

1

36

< 0.001

Interaction

16.5

1

36

< 0.001

 Friction forces (mN)

log10 (body length)

803.4

1

36

< 0.001

2

Males: 1.98 [1.34, 2.63]

Females: 1.41 [0.86, 1.97]

Sex

18.3

1

36

< 0.001

Interaction

1.54

1

36

0.22

 Static adhesion safety factor

log10 (body mass)

562.2

1

36

< 0.001

0

Males: 0.06 [− 0.3, 0.43]

Females: − 0.58 [− 0.85, − 0.31]

Sex

3.5

1

36

0.068

Interaction

9.11

1

36

0.005

 Static friction safety factor

log10 (body mass)

980.9

1

36

< 0.001

0

Males: − 0.34 [− 0.51, − 0.17]

Females: − 0.33 [− 0.64, − 0.02]

Sex

5.31

1

36

0.027

Interaction

0.008

1

36

0.93

  1. The table presents results of type I ANOVA from linear models contrasting the differences between sexes in terms of scaling relationships between body size and attachment pad areas, attachment forces and static safety factors (N = 20 males and 20 females, Fig. 3). Scaling exponents β and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals are shown in comparison to isometric expectations. Significant effects (i.e., p < 0.05) are bolded