From: Multi-modal locomotor costs favor smaller males in a sexually dimorphic leaf-mimicking insect
Response variable (log10 transformed) | Explanatory variables | F | df1 | df2 | p | Isometric slope | Slope β [95% CI] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pad morphology | |||||||
 Arolium area (mm2) | log10 (body length) | 3460 | 1 | 36 | < 0.001 | 2 | Males: 0.15 [− 0.07, 0.37] Females: 0.81 [0.63, 0.99] |
Sex | 245.2 | 1 | 36 | < 0.001 | |||
Interaction | 19.0 | 1 | 36 | < 0.001 | |||
 Euplantula area (mm2) | log10 (body length) | 225.6 | 1 | 36 | < 0.001 | 2 | Males: 2.86 [1.87, 3.86] Females: 1.88 [1.00, 2.77] |
Sex | 0.42 | 1 | 36 | 0.52 | |||
Interaction | 1.81 | 1 | 36 | 0.19 | |||
 Combined pad area (mm2) | log10 (body length) | 483.0 | 1 | 36 | < 0.001 | 2 | Males: 1.65 [1.01, 2.28] Females: 1.46 [0.90, 2.02] |
Sex | 2.41 | 1 | 36 | 0.13 | |||
Interaction | 0.17 | 1 | 36 | 0.68 | |||
Attachment forces | |||||||
 Adhesion forces (mN) | log10 (body length) | 444.4 | 1 | 36 | < 0.001 | 2 | Males: 3.22 [1.93, 4.51] Females: 0.58 [− 0.03, 1.18] |
Sex | 24.3 | 1 | 36 | < 0.001 | |||
Interaction | 16.5 | 1 | 36 | < 0.001 | |||
 Friction forces (mN) | log10 (body length) | 803.4 | 1 | 36 | < 0.001 | 2 | Males: 1.98 [1.34, 2.63] Females: 1.41 [0.86, 1.97] |
Sex | 18.3 | 1 | 36 | < 0.001 | |||
Interaction | 1.54 | 1 | 36 | 0.22 | |||
 Static adhesion safety factor | log10 (body mass) | 562.2 | 1 | 36 | < 0.001 | 0 | Males: 0.06 [− 0.3, 0.43] Females: − 0.58 [− 0.85, − 0.31] |
Sex | 3.5 | 1 | 36 | 0.068 | |||
Interaction | 9.11 | 1 | 36 | 0.005 | |||
 Static friction safety factor | log10 (body mass) | 980.9 | 1 | 36 | < 0.001 | 0 | Males: − 0.34 [− 0.51, − 0.17] Females: − 0.33 [− 0.64, − 0.02] |
Sex | 5.31 | 1 | 36 | 0.027 | |||
Interaction | 0.008 | 1 | 36 | 0.93 |