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Table 1 Analyses of the effects of body mass, wing area and body aspect ratio on various components of flight performance

From: Multi-modal locomotor costs favor smaller males in a sexually dimorphic leaf-mimicking insect

Response variable

Fixed effects

β ± SE

Df

\({\chi }^{2}\)

p

Rotational velocity (° s−1)

Body mass

− 82.7 ± 25.2

1

7.04

0.008

Wing area

53.6 ± 22.9

1

5.99

0.014

Body aspect ratio

13.4 ± 19.3

1

0.63

0.43

Mean vertical velocity (m s−1)

Body mass

− 0.37 ± 0.12

1

7.49

0.006

Wing area

0.22 ± 0.10

1

4.99

0.025

Body aspect ratio

0.05 ± 0.09

1

0.40

0.53

Mean horizontal velocity (m s−1)

Body mass

0.23 ± 0.17

1

1.56

0.21

Wing area

− 0.10 ± 0.15

1

0.49

0.49

Body aspect ratio

0.07 ± 0.13

1

0.44

0.51

Wing beat frequency (Hz)

Body mass

0.51 ± 0.29

1

4.99

0.03

Wing area

0.26 ± 0.26

1

1.20

0.27

Body aspect ratio

0.43 ± 0.22

1

4.34

0.04

Wing beat amplitude (°)

Body mass

− 2.59 ± 4.37

1

4.55

0.03

Wing area

− 6.12 ± 3.97

1

2.93

0.09

Body aspect ratio

− 0.91 ± 3.36

1

0.10

0.75

  1. The table shows a summary of linear mixed effect model outputs including individual ID as a random factor (N = 32 trials, 16 individuals, Fig. 2). Fixed effects were mean-centered and standardized. Outputs include the estimated parameter value (± standard error) and a type-I likelihood ratio test to investigate the significance of each fixed effect sequentially. Fixed effects that were found to have a significant effect (p < 0.05) are bolded