Fig. 4
From: Multi-modal locomotor costs favor smaller males in a sexually dimorphic leaf-mimicking insect
Landing model calculations and predictions. A Diagram of a male leaf insect landing on a leaf, including calculations used to estimate impact forces (Fi) and dynamic safety factors (SFdynamic)—i.e., the ratio of frictional attachment forces and Fi. The male lands with a landing velocity V which depends on the body mass of the insect (m). The terminal load on the leaf (P) will be equal to the weight of the insect—i.e., body mass (m) multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (g). The subsequent deflection of the leaf \((\delta )\) depends on P, the length of the leaf (L) and the leaf flexural stiffness (EI). The impact force experienced by the male leaf insect (Fi) will be determined by P, the kinetic energy of the insect (mV2/2) and \(\delta\). See the text for more detailed information. Predicted relationships between male body mass (m) and \(\delta\) (B), Fi (C) and SFdynamic (D). Predictions for large leaves (L = 86 cm) are represented in blue, small leaves (L = 23 cm) in pink. The dashed line in (D) represents a safety factor of one