Fig. 3

Experimental design. The diagram shows the full experimental design, with n sires being mated to at least three dams (D1 – Dm). The sire × dam mating groupings produced the intraspecific genetic variability in the parasitoid (genotype/daughters [sibs, and half-sibs]). Overall, there were 119 parasitoid daughters. Each group of daughters of the (S1 – Sn) combinations was then split into two populations, with one (n = 73) being provided with pea aphids of the N116 lineage as a provision, while the other (n = 45) provided with pea aphids of the Q1 lineage. Each of these populations where further split into two groups, with one group exposed to intraguild predation by the aphid lion larva (n = 43, in the case of N116, and n = 15 in the case of Q1) and the other group not (n = 30, in the case of N116, and n = 30 in the case of Q1). The effects of parasitoid and aphid genetic variability (with and without the aphid lion) on aphid immunity ratio (IR) were investigated in microcosms. IR is the proportion of healthy aphids (non-mummified i.e. unparasitoidised) after 11 days of exposure to the parasitoid genotype relative to the entire population of aphids (healthy and mummified) per aphid lineage