Tree regeneration characteristics in limestone forests of the Cat Ba National Park, Vietnam

Pham, Van Vien; Ammer, Christian; Annighöfer, Peter; Heinrichs, Steffi

doi:10.1186/s12862-021-01957-9

BMC Ecology and Evolution

Table 12 Abundance of tree species in the overstory and in the regeneration layer

From: Tree regeneration characteristics in limestone forests of the Cat Ba National Park, Vietnam

Species	Group	Overstory				Regeneration
Species	Group	Rank	Abundance	Percentage	Accumulation	Rank	Abundance	Percentage	Accumulation
Streblus macrophyllus	Common	1	378	6.11	6.11	2	1197	10.75	24.48
Pterospermum heterophyllum	Common	2	363	5.87	11.98	1	1530	13.74	13.74
Pheobe tavoyana	Common	3	321	5.19	17.17	4	805	7.23	41.39
Diospyros decandra	Common	4	309	4.99	22.16	7	349	3.13	52.02
Deutzianthus tonkinensis	Common	5	245	3.96	26.12	5	446	4.00	45.39
Dimocarpus fumatus	Common	6	216	3.49	29.61	3	1078	9.68	34.16
Mesua ferrea	Common	7	159	2.57	32.18	26	108	0.97	84.7
Sterculia lanceolata	Common	8	156	2.52	34.7	13	251	2.25	66.84
Microcos paniculata	Common	9	155	2.51	37.21	21	150	1.35	79.43
Dracontomelon duperreanum	Common	10	147	2.38	39.58	11	256	2.30	62.29
Diospyros pilosula	Common	11	133	2.15	41.73	14	245	2.20	69.04
Acanthus ebracteatus	Common	12	128	2.07	43.8	19	157	1.41	76.69
Chisocheton paniculatus	Common	13	114	1.84	45.64	12	256	2.30	64.59
Engelhardtia roxburghiana	Common	14	108	1.75	47.39	22	126	1.13	80.56
Elaeocarpus griffithii	Common	15	107	1.73	49.12	6	389	3.49	48.89
Clausena excavata	Common	16	103	1.66	50.78	17	168	1.51	73.79
Saraca dives	Common	17	99	1.6	52.38	8	303	2.72	54.74
Canarium album	Common	18	98	1.58	53.97	10	283	2.54	59.99
Cinnamomum ovantum	Common	19	97	1.57	55.54	32	69	0.62	89.31
Allospondias lakonensis	Common	20	92	1.49	57.02	20	155	1.39	78.08
Millettia sp	Common	21	91	1.47	58.49	49	25	0.22	96.74
Dillenia heterosepala	Common	22	90	1.45	59.95	15	189	1.70	70.74
Castanopsis ferox	Threatened	23	88	1.42	61.37	33	69	0.62	89.93
Goniothalamus macrocalyx	Threatened	24	88	1.42	62.79	44	42	0.38	95.22
Ardisia crenata	Common	25	80	1.29	64.09	18	166	1.49	75.28
Machilus salicina	Common	26	77	1.24	65.33	38	53	0.48	92.73
Diospyros susarticulata	Common	27	75	1.21	66.54	98	0	–	100
Ficus alongensis	Common	28	70	1.13	67.67	9	302	2.71	57.45
Burretiodendron brilletii	Common	29	68	1.1	68.77	99	0	–	100
Bridelia tomntosa	Common	30	65	1.05	69.82	30	82	0.74	88.02
Bridelia balansae	Common	31	62	1	70.83	16	172	1.54	72.28
Lithocarpus fissus	Common	32	58	0.94	71.76	35	67	0.60	91.14
Podocarpus fleuryi	Threatened	33	57	0.92	72.68	23	119	1.07	81.63
Albizia chinensis	Common	34	55	0.89	73.57	100	0	–	100
Aporosa macrostachyus	Common	35	52	0.84	75.25	57	15	0.13	98.14
Sp4	Common	36	52	0.84	74.41	101	0	–	100
Litsea monopetala	Common	37	51	0.82	76.08	45	39	0.35	95.57
Sp1	Common	38	50	0.81	76.89	69	6	0.05	99.21
Ficus chlorocarpa	Common	39	48	0.78	77.66	28	97	0.87	86.51
Peltophorum pterocarpum	Common	40	48	0.78	78.44	51	24	0.22	97.18
Duabanga grandiflora	Common	41	47	0.76	79.2	24	118	1.06	82.69
Syzygium pachysarcum	Common	42	47	0.76	80.72	41	45	0.40	94.04
Syzysium senamangense	Common	43	47	0.76	79.96	102	0	–	100
Canthium dicoccum	Threatened	44	44	0.71	82.14	31	74	0.66	88.69
Euodia lepta	Common	45	44	0.71	81.43	39	51	0.46	93.19
Bischofia javanica	Common	46	39	0.63	82.77	29	87	0.78	87.29
Ficus altissima	Common	47	39	0.63	84.03	42	45	0.40	94.44
Rhus chinensis Muell	Common	48	39	0.63	83.4	86	2	0.02	99.86
Sauropus macranthus	Common	49	37	0.6	85.23	58	15	0.13	98.28
Sp3	Common	50	37	0.6	84.63	92	1	0.01	99.96
Ficus hispida	Common	51	36	0.58	85.81	46	37	0.33	95.91
Lagerstroemia calyculata	Common	52	36	0.58	86.39	55	18	0.16	97.86
Paliorus tonkinensis	Common	53	33	0.53	86.92	103	0	–	100
Phoebe pallida	Common	54	32	0.52	87.44	60	11	0.10	98.51
Morinda citrifolia	Common	55	30	0.48	87.93	70	6	0.05	99.26
Alstonia scholaris	Common	56	29	0.47	88.86	34	68	0.61	90.54
Cratoxylum cochinchinense	Common	57	29	0.47	88.4	47	37	0.33	96.24
Garcinia oblongifolia	Common	58	27	0.44	89.3	27	104	0.93	85.63
Zanthoxylum nitidum	Common	59	25	0.4	89.7	36	64	0.57	91.71
Xerospermum noronhianum	Common	60	24	0.39	90.09	65	9	0.08	98.96
Glycosmis cymosa	Common	61	23	0.37	90.46	77	4	0.04	99.6
Symplocos laurina	Common	62	23	0.37	90.84	87	2	0.02	99.87
Paramichelia baillonii	Common	63	21	0.34	91.18	71	6	0.05	99.32
Acacia lucium	Common	64	20	0.32	92.14	40	50	0.45	93.63
Acronychia pedunculata	Common	65	20	0.32	92.79	43	45	0.40	94.85
Garcinia tinctoria	Common	66	20	0.32	91.5	104	0	–	100
Sterculia foetida	Common	67	20	0.32	91.82	105	0	–	100
Sloanea sp	Common	68	20	0.32	92.47	106	0	–	100
Endospermum chinense	Common	69	19	0.31	93.1	53	19	0.17	97.53
Syzygium jambos	Common	70	19	0.31	93.41	54	19	0.17	97.7
Ficus retusa	Common	71	18	0.29	93.7	67	7	0.06	99.09
Glochidion hirsutum	Common	72	16	0.26	93.96	107	0	–	100
Canarium subulatum	Common	73	15	0.24	94.44	62	10	0.09	98.7
Chukrasia tabularis	Threatened	74	15	0.24	94.2	108	0	–	100
Syzygium zeylanicum	Common	75	15	0.24	94.68	109	0	–	100
Bursera tonkinensis	Threatened	76	14	0.23	94.91	81	3	0.03	99.73
Ficus capillipes	Common	77	14	0.23	95.13	110	0	–	100
Garcinia cochinchinesis	Common	78	13	0.21	95.35	63	10	0.09	98.79
Tsoongiodendron odorum	Threatened	79	13	0.21	95.56	111	0	–	100
Ficus superba var.japonica	Common	80	12	0.19	95.94	59	15	0.13	98.41
Quercus platycalyx	Threatened	81	12	0.19	95.75	88	2	0.02	99.89
Wendlandia paniculata	Common	82	12	0.19	96.14	112	0	–	100
Persea mollis	Common	83	11	0.18	96.31	113	0	–	100
Atalantia guillauminii	Common	84	10	0.16	96.64	82	3	0.03	99.76
Dillenia scabrella	Common	85	10	0.16	96.48	114	0	–	100
Castanopsis chinensis	Common	86	9	0.15	96.93	50	25	0.22	96.97
Markhamia cauda-felina	Common	87	9	0.15	96.78	115	0	–	100
Aglaia spectabilis	Threatened	88	8	0.13	97.06	48	31	0.28	96.52
Litsea verticillata Hance	Common	89	8	0.13	97.7	64	10	0.09	98.88
Mallotus cochinchinensis	Common	90	8	0.13	97.58	74	5	0.04	99.47
Macaranga denticulata	Common	91	8	0.13	97.45	83	3	0.03	99.78
Mangifera longipes	Common	92	8	0.13	97.19	116	0	–	100
Persea balansae	Common	93	8	0.13	97.32	117	0	–	100
Taractogenos sp	Common	94	8	0.13	97.83	118	0	–	100
Aphanamixis polystachya	Common	95	7	0.11	97.95	119	0	–	100
Artocarpus borneensis	Common	96	6	0.1	98.04	120	0	–	100
Cryptocarya lenticellata	Common	97	6	0.1	98.14	121	0	–	100
Eriobotrya bengalensis	Common	98	6	0.1	98.24	122	0	–	100
Liquidambar formosana	Common	99	6	0.1	98.34	123	0	–	100
Rinorea bengalensis	Common	100	6	0.1	98.43	124	0	–	100
Averrhea carambol	Common	101	5	0.08	98.59	52	20	0.18	97.36
Adenanthera pavonica	Common	102	5	0.08	98.67	61	11	0.10	98.61
Erythrophleum fordii	Threatened	103	5	0.08	98.51	125	0	–	100
Ficus auriculata	Common	104	5	0.08	98.76	126	0	–	100
Rhizophora apiculata	Common	105	5	0.08	98.84	127	0	–	100
Sapium discolor	Common	106	5	0.08	98.92	128	0	–	100
Zizyphus eonoplia	Common	107	5	0.08	99	129	0	–	100
Diospyros petelotii	Common	108	4	0.06	99.19	68	7	0.06	99.16
Gironniera subequalis	Common	109	4	0.06	99.06	130	0	–	100
Sindora tonkinensis	Threatened	110	4	0.06	99.13	131	0	–	100
Annamocarya sinensis	Threatened	111	3	0.05	99.29	75	5	0.04	99.52
Drimycarpus racemosus	Common	112	3	0.05	99.24	132	0	–	100
Garruga pinnata	Common	113	3	0.05	99.34	133	0	–	100
Melaleuca cajuputi	Common	114	3	0.05	99.39	134	0	–	100
Murraya glabra	Threatened	115	3	0.05	99.43	135	0	–	100
Streblus tonkinensis	Common	116	3	0.05	99.48	136	0	–	100
Syzygium wightianum	Common	117	3	0.05	99.53	137	0	–	100
Wrightia tomentosa	Common	118	3	0.05	99.58	138	0	–	100
Aporusa ficifolia	Common	119	2	0.03	99.61	37	60	0.54	92.25
Barringtonia acutangula	Common	120	2	0.03	99.64	72	6	0.05	99.37
Eurya ciliata	Common	121	2	0.03	99.68	78	4	0.04	99.63
Machilus thunbergii	Common	122	2	0.03	99.71	139	0	–	100
Streblus laxiflos	Common	123	2	0.03	99.74	140	0	–	100
Sinosideroxylon racemosum	Common	124	2	0.03	99.77	141	0	–	100
Wrightia laevis	Common	125	2	0.03	99.81	142	0	–	100
Zizyphus incurva	Common	126	2	0.03	99.84	143	0	–	100
Canarium tramdenum	Threatened	127	1	0.02	99.85	144	0	–	100
Ficus annulata	Common	128	1	0.02	99.87	145	0	–	100
Garcinia cowa	Common	129	1	0.02	99.89	146	0	–	100
Hydnocarpus hainanensis	Threatened	130	1	0.02	99.9	147	0	–	100
Knenma conferta	Common	131	1	0.02	99.92	148	0	–	100
Machilus bonii	Common	132	1	0.02	99.94	149	0	–	100
Memecylon edule	Common	133	1	0.02	99.95	150	0	–	100
Manglietia rufibarbata	Common	134	1	0.02	99.97	151	0	–	100
Machilus velutina	Common	135	1	0.02	99.98	152	0	–	100
Pterospermum truncatolobatum	Common	136	1	0.02	100	153	0	–	100
Albizia clypearia	Newly occurred	137	0	–	100	25	116	1.04	83.73
Aidia pycnantha	Newly occurred	138	0	–	100	56	16	0.14	98.01
Carallia brachiata	Newly occurred	139	0	–	100	66	8	0.07	99.03
Carallia diplopetala	Newly occurred	140	0	–	100	73	6	0.05	99.43
Cratoxylon formosum	Newly occurred	141	0	–	100	76	5	0.04	99.56
Citrus indica	Newly occurred	142	0	–	100	79	4	0.04	99.67
Caryota obtuse	Newly occurred	143	0	–	100	80	4	0.04	99.7
Dillenia indica	Newly occurred	144	0	–	100	84	3	0.03	99.81
Ficus elastica	Newly occurred	145	0	–	100	85	3	0.03	99.84
Livistona halongensis	Newly occurred	146	0	–	100	89	2	0.02	99.91
Lithocarpus hemisphaericus	Newly occurred	147	0	–	100	90	2	0.02	99.93
Manglietia balansae	Newly occurred	148	0	–	100	91	2	0.02	99.95
Pterospermum diversifolium	Newly occurred	149	0	–	100	93	1	0.01	99.96
Pavetta indica	Newly occurred	150	0	–	100	94	1	0.01	99.97
Syzygium bullockii	Newly occurred	151	0	–	100	95	1	0.01	99.98
Sp2	Newly occurred	152	0	–	100	96	1	0.01	99.99
Sp5	Newly occurred	153	0	–	100	97	1	0.01	100

The sixteen most abundant species accounted for 51% of total tree species abundance in the overstory and 72% in the regeneration layer. The 16 species of the overstory that accounted for 51% provide 67% of the trees in the regeneration layer. Abundance columns show the number of tree species individuals across the 90 sample plots and 450 sub-sample plots. The percentage column was calculated by dividing the abundance of each species by all tree species abundance. Accumulation aggregated the percentage column from the first to the last species. The Group column classifies species as common species and threatened species and newly occurred species. Rank shows the ranking of the species in terms of their share of total abundance for the overstory and the regeneration. Species are sorted by the abundance of the overstory species from largest to smallest value. Sp1 to Sp5 are unidentified species

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