Fig. 1

Study area and sampling of Hemorrhois hippocrepis (a) and Malpolon monspessulanus (b) (Photos by D. Salvi). Dashed lines represent species native ranges (IUCN 2008—The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species). White squares: samples used in Carranza et al. (2006) [18]; black circles: original samples from the current study