Fig. 6

The measurement of sporophylls and analysis of measured data. A The measurement of sporophylls. Lp length of pedicel, Th thickness of sporangia, Lh length of heel, Ps position of separation, Ds distance of separation. B The result of MANONA (Multivariate analysis of variance). The p (same) value means the probability of the hypothesis that “small” sporophyll units and “large” sporophyll units are same in shape. In this analysis, \(p (\mathrm{same})=7.24\times {10}^{-25}\), which means that the difference in shape is for certain. C The Principal Component Analysis of the measured data. Red Square, “small” sporophyll units; Black Dot, “large” sporophyll units. The form at the bottom shows the variance and loadings. D The Hierarchical clustering (UPGMA) of measured data (the similarity metric is Euclidean). Red numbers, “small” sporophyll units; Black numbers, “large” sporophyll units.