Fig. 1

Forest plots of direct A and indirect B studies on the effects of host genetic diversity on parasite host harm effect size (g). Positive effect sizes show studies where parasite host harm is greater in low polyandrous groups whereas negative effect sizes show cases of greater host harm in high polyandrous host groups. The dotted line shows an effect size of zero (no relationship between diversity and parasite harm). The first y-axis shows the study the effect size was calculated from and the second y-axis shows the standard mean difference (SMD) calculation with confidence intervals. The size of the dot represents sample size