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Fig. 2 | BMC Ecology and Evolution

Fig. 2

From: Paternal care effects outweigh gamete-mediated and personal environment effects during the transgenerational estimation of risk in fathead minnows

Fig. 2

Average (over a 10-min period) prestimulus interindividual distances (mean ± SE) of 39-day old fathead minnows showcasing (a) maternal × paternal × offspring risk interactions and (b) biparental × caring parent × presence of parental care risk interactions. In a, white dots represent offspring low-risk whereas black dots represent offspring high-risk environments. In b, offspring were always exposed to low-risk environments only; hence in b white dots represent the absence of parental care whereas black dots represent the presence of parental care. Within fish drawings, black fish indicate individuals that were from birth onwards exposed to conspecific alarm cues, white fish refer to the ones that instead received a water control treatment; for more detail see Fig. 1. Black circles and error bars represent treatments shown only once across figures, for every other color, same-colored markers refer to the same treatment across figures. Dashed error bars in b highlight the treatments that were cross-fostered. Different letters above and below bars indicate statistical differences at p < 0.05 according to post-hoc tests from linear mixed-effect models that also contained all remaining covariates (final model in Table 2)

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