Fig. 1

Breeding design aiming to capture independent and cumulative impacts of paternal, maternal, parental care and personal environments on risk assessment in the offspring generation. Black fish indicate individuals that were from birth onwards exposed to conspecific alarm cues, white fish refer to the ones that instead received a water control treatment. Dashed lines indicate the two treatments that resulted from cross-fostering. The bottom row below the dotted line introduces the cumulative figures that represent the specific treatment combination. Sample sizes of families, individuals and shoals that were analyzed are stated throughout