Symbol | Definition and designated values |
---|---|
Model parameters | |
v1, v2 | Genotypic values of male seminal gift size from male and female parents, respectively. Initial values were given as a normal distribution (mean ± SD = 20 ± 40) with truncation (≥ 20) |
V | Phenotypic value of male seminal gift size, calculated as (v1 + v2)/2 |
Vlast | Seminal volume of the last mating of a focal male (Eq. 5) |
m1, m2 | Genotypic values of female acceptable number of matings from male and female parents, respectively. Initial values were given as a normal distribution (mean ± SD = 0.5 ± 2) with truncation (≥ 0) |
M | Phenotypic value of female acceptable number of additional matings (= propensity for multiple mating), calculated as (m1 + m2)/2 |
MR | Realized number of matings by females |
MO | Optimal number of matings by females, given by solving Eq. 2 with the mean V |
2s | Dominant gene for producing twin slots for receiving gifts |
1s | Recessive gene for producing a single slot for receiving gifts |
2S | Females of the genotype 2s/2s or 2s/1s, having twin slots for receiving gifts |
1S | Females of the genotype 1s/1s, having a single slot for receiving gifts |
R | Mean total volume of resource for producing seminal gifts, ranged from 400 (oligotrophic) to 1300 (eutrophic) by an increment of 100. Each male has a resource budget extracted from a truncated normal distribution mean ± SD = R ± 0.2R (> 0) |
N | Possible number of matings for a focal male, given as R/V, rounded up to the nearest integer |
n | Realized number of matings for a focal male |
r | Cumulative volume of gifts received by a female |
b | Fertilization efficiency (Eq. 1; Fig. 1), given as a constant (b = 0.002) |
c | Female mating cost (per mating), ranged from 5 to 95 by an increment of 10 (Eq. 2) |
FF_max | Maximum female reproductive output (Eq. 1), given as a constant (FF_max = 800) |
FF_pot(r) | Maximum fecundity of a female, as a function of b, FF_max and r, before reduction by mating costs (Eq. 1) |
FF(r, c, MR) | Realized fecundity (= expected fitness) of a female, as a function of b, FF_max, r, MR, and c (Eq. 2) |
P | Paternity share of a male in the offspring of a female mate |
FM(V) | Expected fitness of a male defined by Eq. 3 |
Paternity determination regimes | |
FR | Paternity is determined by fair raffle with respect to the relative gift size received by a focal female |
ES | Paternity is equally shared by all male mates |
LM | The last male monopolizes paternity |
FM | The first male monopolizes paternity |
Simulation modes | |
CON | Control simulation runs with neither invasion of 2S females nor doubling of female number |
DS | One 2S female per generation was introduced from the1000th generation and beyond |
DF | Number of females were doubled at the 1000th generation and beyond (i.e., 1000 females for 500 males) |