Radiating pain: venom has contributed to the diversification of the largest radiations of vertebrate and invertebrate animals

Table 2 Model output predicting diversification rate showing that venom is associated with faster diversification

	Coefficient	SE	t	P
Fishes
Intercept	0.0973	0.0057	16.9783	< 2.2 × 10^–16
Venom	0.0135	0.0058	2.3092	0.0214
Clade age	− 0.0010	0.0001	− 9.6325	< 2.2 × 10^–16
Clade age (quadratic)	2.4 × 10^–6	3.9 × 10^–7	6.1143	2.1 × 10^–9
Insects
Intercept	0.1357	0.0216	6.2873	5.1 × 10^–10
Venom	0.0207	0.0058	3.5674	0.0004
Clade age	− 0.0012	0.0001	− 10.7577	< 2.2 × 10^–16
Clade age (quadratic)	2.7 × 10^–6	3.2 × 10^–7	8.3214	3.3 × 10^–16

The estimated parameters from the OU model for fishes were α = 0.050 (phylogenetic half-life of 13.8 my) and σ² = 0.0001, whereas kappa was estimated to be 3.5 × 10^–8 in the insect model. Results shown for diversification rate based on ε = 0.5, see Additional file 1: Table S2 for equivalent model outputs for ε = 0 and ε = 0.9

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