Fig. 8

Diet consumption by the caterpillars in the choice experiment (A) and caterpillars’ RGR in the non-choice experiment (B) with ground Smynthurodes betae galls or leaves. Data are means ± SEs of 10 caterpillars per diet. In the choice experiment, differences between galls and leaves in each day were tested with a paired t-test (*p < 0.01). In the non-choice experiment, differences in caterpillars’ RGR after 24 h between the gall and leaf diets were tested with a Student t-test (*p < 0.05)