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Fig. 3 | BMC Ecology and Evolution

Fig. 3

From: Gall-forming aphids are protected (and benefit) from defoliating caterpillars: the role of plant-mediated mechanisms

Fig. 3

Colonization frequencies of Pistacia atlantica trees by Thaumetopoea solitaria caterpillars and Smynthurodes betae F2 galls, and the frequency of host sharing by both herbivores at the population level at Gamla and Ramot Naftali. The colonization frequencies were calculated out of the total number of trees surveyed in each site and year (numbers in columns)

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BMC Ecology and Evolution

ISSN: 2730-7182

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