Fig. 2

Trimmed (A), intact (B) and secondary leaf-flush (C) F2 galls of Smynthurodes betae. The trimmed galls are located on the skeletonized older leaves (arrows) of Pistacia atlantica shoots that were defoliated by Thaumetopoea solitaria. The leaflets around the galls were consumed by the moths while the galls remain undamaged. The secondary leaf-flush galls (C, arrowheads) are located on younger leaves of the same shoots that regrew after moth defoliation. Note the reddish color of the secondary-flush leaves, attributed to their young age