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Table 1 Main characteristics of the study areas

From: Niche partitioning between sympatric wild canids: the case of the golden jackal (Canis aureus) and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in north-eastern Italy

 

Goritian Karst

Magredi

Tagliamento Valley

13°27′37'' N; 45°51′39'' E

12°45′23'' N; 46°04′11'' E

12°55′50'' N; 46°25′27'' E

Area (km2)

250

250

250

Elevation (m a.s.l.)

2–225

32–311

293–1954

Land cover

   

 Urban areas

14.0%

4.1%

3.2%

 Agricultural areas:

   

  Intensively cultivated lands

46.4% [mainly cereals and legumes]

42.1% [mainly cereals and legumes]

 

  Permanent crops

3.5% [mainly vineyards]

5.9% [mainly vineyards]

 

  Complex cultivation patterns

8.1%

19.3%

1.3%

  Agricultural areas with natural vegetation

6.2%

1.6%

8.8%

 Woodlands:

   

  Broad-leaved woodlands

5.6%

0.1%

22.0%

  Coniferous woodlands

2.2%

 

4.5%

  Mixed woodlands

2.4%

 

41.2%

 Meadows and pastures

0.9%

4.1%

6.6%

 Shrublands

7.9%

1.3%

2.9%

 River banks without vegetation

2.0%

9.7%

4.3%

 Sparse vegetation

 

11.8%

5.1%

 Bare rocks

  

0.2%

 Water bodies

0.9%

  

Climate

Continental

Continental

Alpine

Mean annual temperature (°C)

13.3

13.2

10.0

Mean annual rainfall (mm)

1200–1800

1200–1800

2700–3200

Mammals (potential prey)

   

Wild ungulates

Capreolus capreolus

Cervus elaphus

Rupicapra rupicapra

Sus scrofa

Capreolus capreolus

Cervus elaphus

Dama dama

Sus scrofa

Capreolus capreolus

Cervus elaphus

Rupicapra rupicapra

Sus scrofa

Medium-sized mammals

Lepus europaeus

Myocastor coypus

Lepus europaeus

Oryctolagus cuniculus

Lepus europaeus

Lepus timidus

Marmota marmota

Small mammals

Erinaceus europaeus; Talpa europaea; Sciurus vulgaris; Sorcidae; Gliridae; Microtidae; Muridae