Table 1 Default parameter settings used in our simulation model
From: Predation has small, short-term, and in certain conditions random effects on the evolution of aging
Parameter | Meaning | Value(s) |
|---|---|---|
\(N\) | Fixed prey population size | 1000 |
\(P\) | Fixed predator population size | Varies |
\({d}_{0}\) | Per time step probability of dying at age 1 for prey individuals | 0.01 |
\({k}_{d}\) | Rate at which mortality of prey individuals increases with age | Trait |
\({b}_{0}\) | Fecundity of prey individuals at age 1 | 1 |
\({p}_{m}\) | Probability of mutation upon offspring production | 0.5 |
\({\sigma }_{m}\) | Variance in trait upon mutation | 0.01 |
\({w}_{d0}\) | Minimum predator attack rate | 0.001 |
\({w}_{1}\) | Maximum predator attack rate | 0.01 |
\({k}_{w}\) | Flexibility in the predator attack rate | Trait |
\(m\) | Per time step probability of dying for predator individuals | 0.02 |
\({e}_{0}\) | Assimilated energy from prey of age 1 | 1 |
\(x\) | Trade-off strength in prey trait \({k}_{d}\) | 0, 0.001, 0.01 |
\(y\) | Trade-off strength in prey trait \({k}_{w}\) | 2 |
\({e}_{1}\) | Energy needed to produce one predator offspring | 1 |
\({k}_{e}\) | Marginal rate in assimilated energy with prey age | 0.1 |
\(k\) | Maintenance parameter in predators | Varies |