Fig. 4
From: Predation has small, short-term, and in certain conditions random effects on the evolution of aging
Coevolution of the prey trait \({k}_{d}\) and the predator trait \({k}_{w}\), for a very low cost of aging (\(x=0.001\), a, b) or a higher cost (\(x=0.01\), c, d). One replicate of temporal course of coevolution is shown for diverse numbers of predators, starting with two different values of \({k}_{w}\) (other replicates are quantitatively comparable). Other parameters are as in Table 1. The simulations were run for 40,000 time steps