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Fig. 3 | BMC Ecology and Evolution

Fig. 3

From: Predation has small, short-term, and in certain conditions random effects on the evolution of aging

Fig. 3

Evolution of the aging rate in prey \({k}_{d}\) in the presence of predators under several predator numbers, two (fixed) values of the predator trait \({k}_{w}\) (panels a and c are for \({k}_{w}=0.01\), b and d are for \({k}_{w}=100\)), and two values of aging costs (a and b correspond to a very low cost of aging \(x=0.001\) and c and d to a higher cost \(x=0.01\)). One typical replicate of temporal course of evolution for each value of \({k}_{w}\) is shown for clarity; the initial mean value of \({k}_{d}\) in prey is always set to 100. Other parameters are as in Table 1. Predators were not allowed to evolve and all have the same value of \({k}_{w}\). The no-predator scenario is shown in black

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