Fig. 2

a Principal component (PC) analysis of maxilla shape showing PC1 versus PC2 (representing 56.4% of variation in maxilla shape). b Surface warps representing the maxima and minima shape differences of PC1/PC2 axes (see A). c Canonical variates (CV) analysis showing CV1 versus CV2 (representing 83.9% of the total among-group variance) with 95% confidence ellipses plotted for each genus. d Phylogenetic tree of described/undescribed diplodactylid species analysed (adapted from [2, 18]). Points in (A) and (C) are modern individuals (symmetric component of left–right maxilla shape) coloured by genus (Dactylocnemis: blue-grey, Hoplodactylus: red, Mokopirirakau: yellow, Naultinus: green, Woodworthia; purple) and bounded by convex hulls, with shapes (circle, diamond, triangle) corresponding to species shown in (D). Holocene subfossil individuals are shown as red circles (A-J): Waitomo (A: AU7700, K: WO333), Wairarapa (I: S.46528.1), Tasman (G: S.38813.2; H: S.39086), North Canterbury (B: S.33703.2, C: S.33703.3, D: S.33703.4, E: S.33703.7, F: S.33703.8) and North Otago (J: VT791a)