Table 3 Summary of fossil calibrations and calibration strategies used in this study in million years before the present

Hemiptera

91 (root)

Coccomorpha

140 (†Eomatsucoccus casei)

U(140,340)

U(140,340)

U(140,354)

Hemiptera

79

Kuwaniidae

45 (†Hoffeinsia foldi)

N/A

U(45,155)

U(45,50)

Hemiptera

77

Ortheziidae

135 (†Cretorhezia hammanaica)

N/A

U(135,145)

U(135,149)

Hemiptera

74

Putoidae

45 (†Puto sp.)

N/A

U(45,155)

U(45,50)

Hemiptera

72

Pseudococcidae

135 (†Williamsicoccus megalops)

N/A

U(135,145)

U(135,149)

Hemiptera

64

Coccidae

98 (†Rosahendersonia prisca)

N/A

U(98,122)

U(98,108)

Hemiptera

50

Diaspididae

50 (†Normarkicoccus cambayae)

N/A

U(50,150)

U(50,55)

Hymenoptera

111 (root)

Hymenoptera

235 (†Triassoxyela, Asioxyela)

U(235,369)

U(235,369)

U(235,259)

Hymenoptera

108

Tenthredinoidea

140 (†Palaeathalia)

N/A

U(140,328)

U(140,154)

Hymenoptera

79

Vespina

180 (†Brigittepteris)

N/A

U(180,290)

U(180,198)

Hymenoptera

78

Apocrita

176 (†Cleistogaster)

N/A

U(176,294)

U(176,194)

Hymenoptera

69

Siricoidea

161 (†Aulisca)

N/A

U(161,309)

U(161,177

Hymenoptera

63

Pamphiloidea

161 (†Aulidontes, Pamphilidae sp.)

N/A

U(161,309)

U(161,177)

Hymenoptera

57

Xylidae

180 (†Eoxyela)

N/A

U(180,298)

U(180,198)

Spermatophyta

36 (root)

Spermatophytes

308.14 (†Cordaites iowensis)

U(308,366)

U(308,366)

U(308,339)

Spermatophyta

35

Angiosperms

125.9 (tricolpate pollen)

N/A

U(126,247)

U(126,139)

Spermatophyta

31

Stem-Saururus

44.3 (†Saururus tuckerae)

N/A

U(44,247)

U(44,48)

Spermatophyta

30

Acrogymnosperms

308.14 (†Cordaties iowensis)

N/A

U(308,366)

U(308,339)

Spermatophyta

29

Gingko-Cycas

264.7 (†Crossozamia)

N/A

U(265,366)

U(265,282)

Spermatophyta

27

Conifers

147 (†Rissikia media)

N/A

U(147,312)

U(147,162)

Spermatophyta

20

Gnetales

119.6 (†Eoantha zherkihinii)

N/A

U(120,312)

U(120,132)